mirror of https://github.com/OpenIdentityPlatform/OpenDJ.git

Valery Kharseko
18 hours ago 0b9c0f63f5c79e0a5d955011453bf415cb27e184
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
/*
 * The contents of this file are subject to the terms of the Common Development and
 * Distribution License (the License). You may not use this file except in compliance with the
 * License.
 *
 * You can obtain a copy of the License at legal/CDDLv1.0.txt. See the License for the
 * specific language governing permission and limitations under the License.
 *
 * When distributing Covered Software, include this CDDL Header Notice in each file and include
 * the License file at legal/CDDLv1.0.txt. If applicable, add the following below the CDDL
 * Header, with the fields enclosed by brackets [] replaced by your own identifying
 * information: "Portions Copyright [year] [name of copyright owner]".
 *
 * Copyright 2024-2026 3A Systems, LLC.
 */
package org.opends.server.backends.jdbc;
 
import org.forgerock.opendj.ldap.ByteString;
import org.forgerock.opendj.ldap.ByteStringBuilder;
import org.forgerock.opendj.server.config.server.JDBCBackendCfg;
import org.opends.server.backends.pluggable.PluggableBackendImplTestCase;
import org.opends.server.backends.pluggable.spi.AccessMode;
import org.opends.server.backends.pluggable.spi.Cursor;
import org.opends.server.backends.pluggable.spi.Importer;
import org.opends.server.backends.pluggable.spi.ReadOperation;
import org.opends.server.backends.pluggable.spi.ReadableTransaction;
import org.opends.server.backends.pluggable.spi.TreeName;
import org.opends.server.backends.pluggable.spi.WriteOperation;
import org.opends.server.backends.pluggable.spi.WriteableTransaction;
import org.testcontainers.DockerClientFactory;
import org.testcontainers.containers.JdbcDatabaseContainer;
import org.testng.SkipException;
import org.testng.annotations.AfterClass;
import org.testng.annotations.BeforeClass;
import org.testng.annotations.Test;
 
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.sql.Statement;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.Future;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
 
import static org.forgerock.opendj.config.ConfigurationMock.mockCfg;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
import static org.testng.Assert.assertEquals;
import static org.testng.Assert.assertFalse;
import static org.testng.Assert.assertNotEquals;
import static org.testng.Assert.assertNull;
import static org.testng.Assert.assertTrue;
import static org.testng.Assert.fail;
 
 
 
public abstract class TestCase extends PluggableBackendImplTestCase<JDBCBackendCfg> {
 
    JdbcDatabaseContainer container;
 
    @BeforeClass
    @Override
    public void setUp() throws Exception {
        if(DockerClientFactory.instance().isDockerAvailable()) {
            try {
                container = getContainer();
                container.start();
            } catch (Exception e) {
                // The database container could not be started (e.g. a slow/flaky image
                // pull or DB initialization failure on CI). Skip the test instead of
                // failing the whole build - container startup is an infrastructure
                // concern, not a regression in the JDBC backend under test.
                throw new SkipException(getContainerDockerCommand());
            }
        }
        try(Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(createBackendCfg().getDBDirectory())){
            dropStaleTrees(con);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            throw new SkipException(getContainerDockerCommand());
        }
        super.setUp();
    }
 
    /**
     * Backend test classes sharing one database map the same tree names to the same tables,
     * so a previous run may leave trees behind â€” including entries encrypted with a lost cipher key.
     */
    static void dropStaleTrees(Connection con) throws SQLException {
        final List<String> stale = new ArrayList<>();
        try (final ResultSet rs = con.getMetaData().getTables(null, null, null, new String[]{"TABLE"})) {
            while (rs.next()) {
                final String name = rs.getString("TABLE_NAME");
                if (name.toLowerCase().startsWith("opendj_")) {
                    stale.add(name);
                }
            }
        }
        try (final Statement st = con.createStatement()) {
            for (final String name : stale) {
                st.execute("drop table " + name);
            }
        }
    }
 
    @Override
    protected Backend createBackend() {
        return new Backend();
    }
 
    @Override
    protected JDBCBackendCfg createBackendCfg() {
        JDBCBackendCfg backendCfg = mockCfg(JDBCBackendCfg.class);
        when(backendCfg.getBackendId()).thenReturn(getBackendId());
        when(backendCfg.getDBDirectory()).thenReturn(getJdbcUrl());
        return backendCfg;
    }
 
    @AfterClass
    @Override
    public void cleanUp() throws Exception {
        super.cleanUp();
        if(container != null) {
            container.close();
        }
    }
 
    protected abstract JdbcDatabaseContainer<?> getContainer();
 
    protected abstract String getContainerDockerCommand();
 
    protected abstract String getBackendId();
 
    protected abstract String getJdbcUrl();
 
    private static ByteString key(int i) {
        return ByteString.valueOfUtf8(String.format("key%02d", i));
    }
 
    private static ByteString value(int i) {
        return ByteString.valueOfUtf8("value" + i);
    }
 
    /**
     * openTree() and deleteTree() ask the catalog whether the table of a tree is there. The name is
     * looked up in the form the catalog stores it - an unquoted identifier is folded to upper case
     * on oracle and to lower case on postgresql - so getting that wrong makes a second open try to
     * create a table that is already there, and a second delete drop one that is already gone (#885).
     */
    @Test
    public void testTableOfATreeIsFoundByName() throws Exception {
        final JDBCStorage storage = new JDBCStorage(createBackendCfg(), null);
        final TreeName tree = new TreeName("testCatalogLookup", "tree");
        try {
            storage.open(AccessMode.READ_WRITE);
            storage.write(new WriteOperation() {
                @Override
                public void run(WriteableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                    txn.openTree(tree, true);
                    txn.put(tree, key(1), value(1));
                }
            });
            // the table is there now: opening the tree again must find it, not create it a second time
            storage.write(new WriteOperation() {
                @Override
                public void run(WriteableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                    txn.openTree(tree, true);
                }
            });
            assertEquals(storage.read(new ReadOperation<ByteString>() {
                @Override
                public ByteString run(ReadableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                    return txn.read(tree, key(1));
                }
            }), value(1));
 
            storage.write(new WriteOperation() {
                @Override
                public void run(WriteableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                    txn.deleteTree(tree);
                }
            });
            // and gone now: deleting it again must find nothing rather than drop what is not there
            storage.write(new WriteOperation() {
                @Override
                public void run(WriteableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                    txn.deleteTree(tree);
                }
            });
        } finally {
            storage.close();
        }
    }
 
    /**
     * Forward repositioning inside the already-fetched batch must be served from the buffer without SQL,
     * and batch sizes must grow from "fetchsize.initial" to "fetchsize" on sequential reads (#860).
     */
    @Test
    public void testPositionToKeyOrNextServedFromBuffer() throws Exception {
        System.setProperty("org.openidentityplatform.opendj.jdbc.fetchsize", "8");
        System.setProperty("org.openidentityplatform.opendj.jdbc.fetchsize.initial", "2");
        final JDBCStorage storage = new JDBCStorage(createBackendCfg(), null);
        final TreeName tree = new TreeName("testCursorBuffer", "tree");
        try {
            storage.open(AccessMode.READ_WRITE);
            storage.write(new WriteOperation() {
                @Override
                public void run(WriteableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                    txn.openTree(tree, true);
                    for (int i = 0; i < 40; i++) {
                        txn.put(tree, key(i), value(i));
                    }
                }
            });
            storage.read(new ReadOperation<Void>() {
                @Override
                public Void run(ReadableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                    try (final Cursor<ByteString, ByteString> cursor = txn.openCursor(tree)) {
                        final JDBCStorage.CursorImpl impl = (JDBCStorage.CursorImpl) cursor;
 
                        assertTrue(cursor.next()); // fetch #1: initial batch of 2 (key00, key01)
                        assertEquals(cursor.getKey(), key(0));
                        assertEquals(impl.fetchCount, 1);
                        assertTrue(cursor.next()); // key01 is buffered
                        assertEquals(impl.fetchCount, 1);
                        assertTrue(cursor.next()); // fetch #2: grown batch of 8 (key02..key09)
                        assertEquals(cursor.getKey(), key(2));
                        assertEquals(impl.fetchCount, 2);
 
                        // forward repositioning within the fetched range must not run SQL
                        assertTrue(cursor.positionToKeyOrNext(key(5)));
                        assertEquals(cursor.getKey(), key(5));
                        assertEquals(cursor.getValue(), value(5));
                        assertEquals(impl.fetchCount, 2);
                        assertTrue(cursor.positionToKeyOrNext(ByteString.valueOfUtf8("key051"))); // between rows
                        assertEquals(cursor.getKey(), key(6));
                        assertEquals(impl.fetchCount, 2);
                        assertTrue(cursor.positionToKeyOrNext(key(9))); // last buffered row
                        assertEquals(cursor.getKey(), key(9));
                        assertEquals(impl.fetchCount, 2);
 
                        assertTrue(cursor.positionToKeyOrNext(key(20))); // fetch #3: beyond the buffer
                        assertEquals(cursor.getKey(), key(20));
                        assertEquals(impl.fetchCount, 3);
                        assertTrue(cursor.positionToKeyOrNext(key(1))); // fetch #4: backward
                        assertEquals(cursor.getKey(), key(1));
                        assertEquals(impl.fetchCount, 4);
 
                        // emulate DN2ID.ChildrenCursor: reposition to currentKey+0x01 for every row.
                        // Before the fix every reposition re-fetched a full batch: 38 fetches here.
                        final long fetchesBefore = impl.fetchCount;
                        int rows = 1; // standing on key01
                        while (cursor.positionToKeyOrNext(
                                new ByteStringBuilder().appendBytes(cursor.getKey()).appendByte(0x01).toByteString())) {
                            rows++;
                        }
                        assertEquals(rows, 39); // key01..key39
                        assertTrue(impl.fetchCount - fetchesBefore <= 8,
                                "sibling scan took " + (impl.fetchCount - fetchesBefore) + " fetches");
                    }
                    return null;
                }
            });
        } finally {
            System.clearProperty("org.openidentityplatform.opendj.jdbc.fetchsize");
            System.clearProperty("org.openidentityplatform.opendj.jdbc.fetchsize.initial");
            try {
                storage.write(new WriteOperation() {
                    @Override
                    public void run(WriteableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                        txn.deleteTree(tree);
                    }
                });
            } catch (Exception ignored) {}
            storage.close();
        }
    }
 
    /** Buffer-served repositioning relies on the database collating keys in unsigned byte order. */
    @Test
    public void testCursorKeyOrderIsUnsigned() throws Exception {
        final JDBCStorage storage = new JDBCStorage(createBackendCfg(), null);
        final TreeName tree = new TreeName("testCursorOrder", "tree");
        final ByteString low = ByteString.valueOfBytes(new byte[] { 0x7F });
        final ByteString high = ByteString.valueOfBytes(new byte[] { (byte) 0x80, 0x01 });
        try {
            storage.open(AccessMode.READ_WRITE);
            storage.write(new WriteOperation() {
                @Override
                public void run(WriteableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                    txn.openTree(tree, true);
                    txn.put(tree, low, value(1));
                    txn.put(tree, high, value(2));
                }
            });
            storage.read(new ReadOperation<Void>() {
                @Override
                public Void run(ReadableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                    try (final Cursor<ByteString, ByteString> cursor = txn.openCursor(tree)) {
                        // with a signed collation 0x80 would sort before 0x7F and these would fail
                        assertTrue(cursor.next());
                        assertEquals(cursor.getKey(), low);
                        assertTrue(cursor.positionToKeyOrNext(ByteString.valueOfBytes(new byte[] { (byte) 0x80 })));
                        assertEquals(cursor.getKey(), high);
                        assertFalse(cursor.next());
                        assertTrue(cursor.positionToLastKey());
                        assertEquals(cursor.getKey(), high);
                    }
                    return null;
                }
            });
        } finally {
            try {
                storage.write(new WriteOperation() {
                    @Override
                    public void run(WriteableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                        txn.deleteTree(tree);
                    }
                });
            } catch (Exception ignored) {}
            storage.close();
        }
    }
 
    /**
     * Each table must be stamped with the tree name it stores: table names are opaque SHA-224
     * hashes, so without the comment there is no way to tell the trees apart on the database
     * side (#859). The single quote in the base DN exercises the comment escaping.
     */
    @Test
    public void testTreeNameStoredAsTableComment() throws Exception {
        final JDBCStorage storage = new JDBCStorage(createBackendCfg(), null);
        // a quote and a backslash in the tree name exercise the literal escaping (backslash is an escape character in mysql)
        final TreeName tree = new TreeName("o=comment'te\\st", "dn2id");
        try {
            storage.open(AccessMode.READ_WRITE);
            storage.write(new WriteOperation() {
                @Override
                public void run(WriteableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                    txn.openTree(tree, true);
                }
            });
            assertEquals(readTableComment(storage.getTableName(tree)), tree.toString());
        } finally {
            try {
                storage.write(new WriteOperation() {
                    @Override
                    public void run(WriteableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                        txn.deleteTree(tree);
                    }
                });
            } catch (Exception ignored) {}
            storage.close();
        }
    }
 
    String readTableComment(String tableName) throws Exception {
        final String url = getJdbcUrl();
        final String sql;
        if (url.startsWith("jdbc:postgresql")) {
            sql = "select obj_description('" + tableName + "'::regclass, 'pg_class')";
        } else if (url.startsWith("jdbc:mysql")) {
            sql = "select table_comment from information_schema.tables where table_schema=database() and table_name='" + tableName + "'";
        } else if (url.startsWith("jdbc:oracle")) {
            sql = "select comments from user_tab_comments where table_name='" + tableName.toUpperCase() + "'";
        } else if (url.startsWith("jdbc:sqlserver")) {
            // class=1 is the table itself: major_id is only unique within a class
            sql = "select cast(value as nvarchar(4000)) from sys.extended_properties where class=1 and major_id=object_id('" + tableName + "') and minor_id=0 and name='MS_Description'";
        } else {
            throw new SkipException("no table comment query for " + url);
        }
        try (final Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(url);
             final Statement st = con.createStatement();
             final ResultSet rs = st.executeQuery(sql)) {
            return rs.next() ? rs.getString(1) : null;
        }
    }
 
    void writeTableComment(String tableName, String comment) throws Exception {
        final String url = getJdbcUrl();
        final String sql;
        if (url.startsWith("jdbc:postgresql") || url.startsWith("jdbc:oracle")) {
            sql = "comment on table " + tableName + " is '" + comment + "'";
        } else if (url.startsWith("jdbc:mysql")) {
            sql = "alter table " + tableName + " comment '" + comment + "'";
        } else if (url.startsWith("jdbc:sqlserver")) {
            // exec arguments must be constants or variables: schema_name() cannot be passed inline
            sql = "declare @s sysname = schema_name()"
                + " exec sys.sp_updateextendedproperty N'MS_Description', N'" + comment + "', N'SCHEMA', @s, N'TABLE', N'" + tableName + "'";
        } else {
            throw new SkipException("no table comment statement for " + url);
        }
        try (final Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(url);
             final Statement st = con.createStatement()) {
            st.execute(sql);
        }
    }
 
    /**
     * Removes the stored comment, so that the next stamp has to create one rather than replace
     * it: on sql server that is sp_addextendedproperty, which is the statement reported to wait
     * for an uncommitted row of another session.
     */
    void clearTableComment(String tableName) throws Exception {
        final String url = getJdbcUrl();
        if (!url.startsWith("jdbc:sqlserver")) {
            writeTableComment(tableName, "stale"); // the other engines have one statement for both cases
            return;
        }
        try (final Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(url);
             final Statement st = con.createStatement()) {
            st.execute("declare @s sysname = schema_name()"
                + " exec sys.sp_dropextendedproperty N'MS_Description', N'SCHEMA', @s, N'TABLE', N'" + tableName + "'");
        }
    }
 
    /** The dialect of the database this suite runs against, as the backend detects it from the driver. */
    JDBCStorage.Dialect dialect() {
        final String url = getJdbcUrl();
        if (url.startsWith("jdbc:postgresql")) {
            return JDBCStorage.Dialect.POSTGRES;
        } else if (url.startsWith("jdbc:mysql")) {
            return JDBCStorage.Dialect.MYSQL;
        } else if (url.startsWith("jdbc:oracle")) {
            return JDBCStorage.Dialect.ORACLE;
        } else if (url.startsWith("jdbc:sqlserver")) {
            return JDBCStorage.Dialect.MICROSOFT;
        }
        throw new SkipException("no dialect for " + url);
    }
 
    /**
     * What this connection reports as its lock bound, in the unit and the rendering of its own
     * engine, or null where reading it needs a privilege the test user does not have: oracle
     * keeps ddl_lock_timeout in v$parameter, which an application user cannot select from.
     */
    String sessionLockBound(Connection con) throws Exception {
        final String url = getJdbcUrl();
        final String sql;
        if (url.startsWith("jdbc:postgresql")) {
            sql = "show lock_timeout";
        } else if (url.startsWith("jdbc:mysql")) {
            sql = "select @@session.lock_wait_timeout";
        } else if (url.startsWith("jdbc:sqlserver")) {
            sql = "select @@lock_timeout";
        } else {
            return null;
        }
        try (final Statement st = con.createStatement();
             final ResultSet rs = st.executeQuery(sql)) {
            return rs.next() ? rs.getString(1) : null;
        }
    }
 
    /**
     * Comment statements are DDL (a metadata lock on mysql, a ddl lock on oracle), so a table
     * whose stored comment already matches its tree name must not be re-stamped on subsequent
     * opens - while a stale comment must be refreshed.
     */
    @Test
    public void testCommentStampSkippedWhenAlreadyStored() throws Exception {
        final JDBCStorage storage = new JDBCStorage(createBackendCfg(), null);
        final TreeName tree = new TreeName("o=commentSkip", "dn2id");
        try {
            storage.open(AccessMode.READ_WRITE);
            storage.write(new WriteOperation() {
                @Override
                public void run(WriteableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                    txn.openTree(tree, true); // stamps the freshly created table
                }
            });
            assertEquals(readTableComment(storage.getTableName(tree)), tree.toString());
            // UP_TO_DATE and not FAILED: the statement was skipped, not rejected
            assertEquals(storage.commentTable(tree, dialect()), JDBCStorage.CommentResult.UP_TO_DATE, "an up-to-date comment was re-stamped");
            writeTableComment(storage.getTableName(tree), "stale");
            assertEquals(storage.commentTable(tree, dialect()), JDBCStorage.CommentResult.STAMPED, "a stale comment was not re-stamped");
            assertEquals(readTableComment(storage.getTableName(tree)), tree.toString());
        } finally {
            try {
                storage.write(new WriteOperation() {
                    @Override
                    public void run(WriteableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                        txn.deleteTree(tree);
                    }
                });
            } catch (Exception ignored) {}
            storage.close();
        }
    }
 
    /**
     * A stamp must never queue behind another session's transaction. Comment statements take a
     * lock (a metadata lock on mysql, a schema modification lock on sql server) and both engines
     * wait for it without limit by default - lock_wait_timeout is a year, lock_timeout is
     * infinite - so an unbounded stamp could hang the backend open and, on mysql, park every
     * other query on that table behind itself. Whether an uncommitted row of another session
     * conflicts with the statement at all differs between engines and versions, so the assertion
     * is on the timing: the call comes back rather than waiting for that transaction to end.
     */
    @Test(timeOut = 180000)
    public void testCommentStampGivesUpOnLock() throws Exception {
        final JDBCStorage storage = new JDBCStorage(createBackendCfg(), null);
        final TreeName tree = new TreeName("o=commentLock", "dn2id");
        try {
            storage.open(AccessMode.READ_WRITE);
            storage.write(new WriteOperation() {
                @Override
                public void run(WriteableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                    txn.openTree(tree, true);
                }
            });
            final String tableName = storage.getTableName(tree);
            clearTableComment(tableName); // no comment stored: the next attempt must issue a statement
            try (final Connection blocker = DriverManager.getConnection(getJdbcUrl())) {
                blocker.setAutoCommit(false);
                try (final PreparedStatement st = blocker.prepareStatement("insert into " + tableName + " (h,k) values (?,?)")) {
                    st.setString(1, String.format("%1$-128s", "blocker").replace(' ', 'x'));
                    st.setBytes(2, new byte[]{1});
                    st.executeUpdate();
                }
                // the row is left uncommitted, so the lock it holds is still there
                final long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
                final JDBCStorage.CommentResult result = storage.commentTable(tree, dialect());
                final long elapsedMs = System.currentTimeMillis() - start;
                blocker.rollback();
                // giving up and stamping anyway are both fine here - the engines differ in whether an
                // uncommitted row of another session conflicts with the comment statement at all.
                // Waiting for that session to finish is what must never happen.
                // the bound is 5 s (COMMENT_LOCK_TIMEOUT_SECONDS): the slack is for the connect and the
                // statement around it, not for a regression of the bound itself
                assertTrue(elapsedMs < 20000, "the comment statement waited " + elapsedMs + " ms for a lock, result " + result);
                if (result == JDBCStorage.CommentResult.STAMPED) { // it reported success: the comment must be there
                    assertEquals(readTableComment(tableName), tree.toString());
                }
            }
        } finally {
            try {
                storage.write(new WriteOperation() {
                    @Override
                    public void run(WriteableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                        txn.deleteTree(tree);
                    }
                });
            } catch (Exception ignored) {}
            storage.close();
        }
    }
 
    /**
     * A failing comment stamp must never disturb the transaction that opened the tree: it used
     * to roll back the caller's connection, silently discarding writes pending in the same
     * transaction (the way DefaultIndex.afterOpen() writes the trusted flag between openTree() calls).
     * The write pending during the failing stamp deliberately targets another tree: a statement
     * left pending on the very table being stamped - a write, or on mysql any statement, since a
     * transaction holds a shared metadata lock on every table it touched - would make the comment
     * statement wait for the caller's own lock, which is a shape no production path has.
     */
    @Test
    public void testCommentFailureLeavesTransactionIntact() throws Exception {
        final TreeName stamped = new TreeName("o=commentFailure", "dn2id");
        final TreeName written = new TreeName("o=commentFailure", "id2entry");
        final JDBCStorage setUp = new JDBCStorage(createBackendCfg(), null);
        try { // create both tables up front, with a storage that stamps them normally
            setUp.open(AccessMode.READ_WRITE);
            setUp.write(new WriteOperation() {
                @Override
                public void run(WriteableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                    txn.openTree(stamped, true);
                    txn.openTree(written, true);
                }
            });
        } finally {
            setUp.close();
        }
        final AtomicInteger stampAttempts = new AtomicInteger();
        final JDBCStorage storage = new JDBCStorage(createBackendCfg(), null) {
            @Override
            Connection newStampConnection(Dialect dialect) throws SQLException {
                stampAttempts.incrementAndGet();
                throw new SQLException("injected comment failure"); // no sql state, no vendor code: a rejection, not a failure of the moment
            }
        };
        try {
            storage.open(AccessMode.READ_WRITE);
            storage.write(new WriteOperation() {
                @Override
                public void run(WriteableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                    txn.put(written, key(1), value(1)); // pending in this transaction...
                    txn.openTree(stamped, true); // ...while the comment machinery fails
                }
            });
            storage.read(new ReadOperation<Void>() {
                @Override
                public Void run(ReadableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                    assertEquals(txn.read(written, key(1)), value(1), "failing comment stamp discarded a pending write");
                    return null;
                }
            });
            // the failure is remembered: an unstampable table is not asked again while this backend is open
            assertEquals(storage.commentTable(stamped, dialect()), JDBCStorage.CommentResult.FAILED);
            assertEquals(stampAttempts.get(), 1, "a failed stamp was reissued");
        } finally {
            try {
                storage.write(new WriteOperation() {
                    @Override
                    public void run(WriteableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                        txn.deleteTree(stamped);
                        txn.deleteTree(written);
                    }
                });
            } catch (Exception ignored) {}
            storage.close();
        }
    }
 
    /**
     * A stamp that failed for a reason of the moment - the lock timeout the statement is given,
     * a connection that broke - must be attempted again: only a failure saying that this table
     * cannot be commented at all is remembered, or one contended moment would leave a backend
     * unstamped until it is restarted.
     */
    @Test
    public void testTransientStampFailureIsRetried() throws Exception {
        final TreeName tree = new TreeName("o=transientStamp", "dn2id");
        final AtomicInteger stampAttempts = new AtomicInteger();
        final JDBCStorage storage = new JDBCStorage(createBackendCfg(), null) {
            @Override
            Connection newStampConnection(Dialect dialect) throws SQLException {
                stampAttempts.incrementAndGet();
                throw new SQLException("injected connection failure", "08006"); // connection exception: a failure of the moment
            }
        };
        try {
            storage.open(AccessMode.READ_WRITE);
            storage.write(new WriteOperation() {
                @Override
                public void run(WriteableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                    txn.openTree(tree, true); // stamp #1, fails
                }
            });
            assertEquals(storage.commentTable(tree, dialect()), JDBCStorage.CommentResult.FAILED);
            assertEquals(stampAttempts.get(), 2, "a stamp that failed for a reason of the moment was not attempted again");
        } finally {
            try {
                storage.write(new WriteOperation() {
                    @Override
                    public void run(WriteableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                        txn.deleteTree(tree);
                    }
                });
            } catch (Exception ignored) {}
            storage.close();
        }
    }
 
    /**
     * Opening a backend opens every tree it holds - about 25 for a stock suffix - and the first
     * open after an upgrade stamps them all: the trees of one open must share one connection
     * rather than make a physical connect each. One per open is what the comment machinery costs,
     * readback included - the readback runs on that same connection, because the thread doing the
     * open is inside a transaction and holding a pooled connection already.
     */
    @Test
    public void testCommentStampsShareOneConnection() throws Exception {
        final TreeName[] trees = {
            new TreeName("o=commentSweep", "dn2id"),
            new TreeName("o=commentSweep", "id2entry"),
            new TreeName("o=commentSweep", "state") };
        final AtomicInteger connects = new AtomicInteger();
        final JDBCStorage storage = new JDBCStorage(createBackendCfg(), null) {
            @Override
            Connection newStampConnection(Dialect dialect) throws SQLException {
                connects.incrementAndGet();
                return super.newStampConnection(dialect);
            }
        };
        try {
            storage.open(AccessMode.READ_WRITE);
            storage.write(new WriteOperation() {
                @Override
                public void run(WriteableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                    for (final TreeName tree : trees) {
                        txn.openTree(tree, true); // freshly created: every one of them is stamped
                    }
                }
            });
            for (final TreeName tree : trees) {
                assertEquals(readTableComment(storage.getTableName(tree)), tree.toString());
            }
            assertEquals(connects.get(), 1, "the stamps of one open did not share a connection");
            storage.write(new WriteOperation() {
                @Override
                public void run(WriteableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                    for (final TreeName tree : trees) {
                        txn.openTree(tree, true);
                    }
                }
            });
            // three trees, one more connect: the open that finds every comment in place issues no
            // statement and takes no lock, and pays one connection for the whole sweep either way
            assertEquals(connects.get(), 2, "the trees of an open that found every comment in place did not share a connection");
        } finally {
            try {
                storage.write(new WriteOperation() {
                    @Override
                    public void run(WriteableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                        for (final TreeName tree : trees) {
                            txn.deleteTree(tree);
                        }
                    }
                });
            } catch (Exception ignored) {}
            storage.close();
        }
    }
 
    /**
     * The bound a stamp connection is given must survive a stamp that failed. Postgres undoes a
     * plain SET when the transaction that ran it is rolled back, and a failed stamp is rolled
     * back with the connection kept and reused - one connection serves every tree of a backend
     * open - so every tree stamped after the first failure used to run with no bound at all,
     * which is what the bound exists to prevent.
     */
    @Test
    public void testLockBoundSurvivesAFailedStamp() throws Exception {
        final JDBCStorage storage = new JDBCStorage(createBackendCfg(), null);
        // no table was ever created for this tree, so its comment statement fails - on a connection
        // that stays usable, which is the case the session rolls back rather than replaces
        final TreeName missing = new TreeName("o=lockBound", "neverCreated");
        try {
            storage.open(AccessMode.READ_WRITE);
            final JDBCStorage.Dialect dialect = dialect();
            final String bound;
            try (final Connection fresh = storage.newStampConnection(dialect)) {
                bound = sessionLockBound(fresh); // what a connection carrying the bound reports
            }
            try (final JDBCStorage.StampSession session = storage.new StampSession()) {
                assertEquals(storage.commentTable(missing, dialect, session), JDBCStorage.CommentResult.FAILED,
                    "stamping a table that does not exist was reported as done");
                if (bound != null) { // oracle: ddl_lock_timeout is only in v$parameter, which the test user cannot read
                    assertEquals(sessionLockBound(session.connection(dialect)), bound,
                        "the lock bound was lost when the failed stamp was rolled back");
                }
            }
        } finally {
            storage.close();
        }
    }
 
    /**
     * A stamp that lost its connection ends the sweep it happened in: every tree behind it needs
     * that same connection, so each would pay the same connect attempt again. That is about 25 of
     * them for a stock suffix, all for a diagnostic aid. Nothing is remembered, so the next open
     * tries again.
     */
    @Test
    public void testConnectionFailureEndsTheSweep() throws Exception {
        final TreeName[] trees = {
            new TreeName("o=sweepGiveUp", "dn2id"),
            new TreeName("o=sweepGiveUp", "id2entry"),
            new TreeName("o=sweepGiveUp", "state") };
        final AtomicInteger stampAttempts = new AtomicInteger();
        final JDBCStorage storage = new JDBCStorage(createBackendCfg(), null) {
            @Override
            Connection newStampConnection(Dialect dialect) throws SQLException {
                stampAttempts.incrementAndGet();
                throw new SQLException("injected connection failure", "08006"); // connection exception: the session is gone
            }
        };
        try {
            storage.open(AccessMode.READ_WRITE);
            storage.write(new WriteOperation() {
                @Override
                public void run(WriteableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                    for (final TreeName tree : trees) {
                        txn.openTree(tree, true);
                    }
                }
            });
            assertEquals(stampAttempts.get(), 1, "a connection that was gone was paid once per tree of the same open");
            storage.write(new WriteOperation() {
                @Override
                public void run(WriteableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                    for (final TreeName tree : trees) {
                        txn.openTree(tree, true);
                    }
                }
            });
            assertEquals(stampAttempts.get(), 2, "the open after a lost connection did not try again");
        } finally {
            try {
                storage.write(new WriteOperation() {
                    @Override
                    public void run(WriteableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                        for (final TreeName tree : trees) {
                            txn.deleteTree(tree);
                        }
                    }
                });
            } catch (Exception ignored) {}
            storage.close();
        }
    }
 
    /**
     * A lock belongs to the table it is held on, so a stamp that gave up on one must not cost the
     * trees behind it their comments: the trees of an open are stamped in a fixed order, and a
     * table left permanently contended by another session would otherwise mean nothing is ever
     * stamped, on any open. Nothing is remembered either - the open that follows stamps the table
     * whose moment has passed.
     * <p>
     * The failure is injected at the readback rather than at the comment statement, which is built
     * inline; what is under test is the classification of the failure and what the sweep does with
     * it, and those do not depend on which of the two statements produced it.
     */
    @Test
    public void testContendedTableDoesNotEndTheSweep() throws Exception {
        final TreeName[] trees = {
            new TreeName("o=sweepContended", "dn2id"),
            new TreeName("o=sweepContended", "id2entry"),
            new TreeName("o=sweepContended", "state") };
        final AtomicInteger contended = new AtomicInteger(1); // the first tree, for one sweep only
        final JDBCStorage storage = new JDBCStorage(createBackendCfg(), null) {
            @Override
            String readStoredComment(Connection con, Dialect dialect, String tableName) throws SQLException {
                if (tableName.equals(getTableName(trees[0])) && contended.getAndDecrement() > 0) {
                    throw lockTimeoutOf(dialect); // as if another session held this one table
                }
                return super.readStoredComment(con, dialect, tableName);
            }
        };
        try {
            storage.open(AccessMode.READ_WRITE);
            storage.write(new WriteOperation() {
                @Override
                public void run(WriteableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                    for (final TreeName tree : trees) {
                        txn.openTree(tree, true);
                    }
                }
            });
            assertNotEquals(readTableComment(storage.getTableName(trees[0])), trees[0].toString(),
                "the contended table was stamped anyway");
            for (int i = 1; i < trees.length; i++) {
                assertEquals(readTableComment(storage.getTableName(trees[i])), trees[i].toString(),
                    "one contended table cost the trees behind it their comments");
            }
            storage.write(new WriteOperation() {
                @Override
                public void run(WriteableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                    for (final TreeName tree : trees) {
                        txn.openTree(tree, true);
                    }
                }
            });
            assertEquals(readTableComment(storage.getTableName(trees[0])), trees[0].toString(),
                "a table left unstamped by a contended moment was not stamped by the open that followed");
        } finally {
            try {
                storage.write(new WriteOperation() {
                    @Override
                    public void run(WriteableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                        for (final TreeName tree : trees) {
                            txn.deleteTree(tree);
                        }
                    }
                });
            } catch (Exception ignored) {}
            storage.close();
        }
    }
 
    /** The failure a dialect reports when a statement gave up on the lock bound it was given. */
    static SQLException lockTimeoutOf(JDBCStorage.Dialect dialect) {
        switch (dialect) {
        case POSTGRES:
            return new SQLException("canceling statement due to lock timeout", "55P03");
        case MYSQL:
            return new SQLException("Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction", "HY000", 1205);
        case ORACLE:
            return new SQLException("ORA-00054: resource busy and acquire with NOWAIT specified", "61000", 54);
        case MICROSOFT:
            return new SQLException("Lock request time out period exceeded", "HY000", 1222);
        default:
            throw new IllegalStateException("no lock timeout failure for dialect " + dialect);
        }
    }
 
    /**
     * @@sql_mode decides whether a backslash escapes inside the comment literal. It belongs to
     * the session, and the stamps of one open share a connection, so it is asked once for the
     * whole sweep rather than once per tree - and only on mysql, the one engine whose literal
     * depends on it.
     */
    @Test
    public void testSqlModeProbedOncePerSweep() throws Exception {
        final TreeName[] trees = {
            new TreeName("o=sqlModeProbe", "dn2id"),
            new TreeName("o=sqlModeProbe", "id2entry"),
            new TreeName("o=sqlModeProbe", "state") };
        final AtomicInteger probes = new AtomicInteger();
        final JDBCStorage storage = new JDBCStorage(createBackendCfg(), null) {
            @Override
            boolean isMysqlBackslashEscape(Connection con) throws SQLException {
                probes.incrementAndGet();
                return super.isMysqlBackslashEscape(con);
            }
        };
        try {
            storage.open(AccessMode.READ_WRITE);
            storage.write(new WriteOperation() {
                @Override
                public void run(WriteableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                    for (final TreeName tree : trees) {
                        txn.openTree(tree, true); // freshly created: every one of them is stamped
                    }
                }
            });
            for (final TreeName tree : trees) {
                assertEquals(readTableComment(storage.getTableName(tree)), tree.toString());
            }
            assertEquals(probes.get(), dialect() == JDBCStorage.Dialect.MYSQL ? 1 : 0,
                "the sql mode of one sweep was not asked exactly once");
        } finally {
            try {
                storage.write(new WriteOperation() {
                    @Override
                    public void run(WriteableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                        for (final TreeName tree : trees) {
                            txn.deleteTree(tree);
                        }
                    }
                });
            } catch (Exception ignored) {}
            storage.close();
        }
    }
 
    // The bounds of a stamp connection are covered by StampConnectionTestCase: what they are worth
    // is whether they reach the driver and whether the driver then gives up on a server that never
    // answers, and neither needs - nor can be staged by - a database container.
 
    /**
     * An import that failed or was cancelled leaves trees holding an incomplete import that is
     * going to be run again: refreshing statistics of it describes data nobody will query, and on
     * oracle it is a full scan per table between the failure and its report.
     */
    @Test
    public void testAbortedImportSkipsStatistics() throws Exception {
        final TreeName tree = new TreeName("o=abortedImport", "dn2id");
        final AtomicInteger refreshes = new AtomicInteger();
        final JDBCStorage storage = new JDBCStorage(createBackendCfg(), null) {
            @Override
            boolean updateTableStatistics(Connection con, Collection<TreeName> trees) {
                refreshes.incrementAndGet();
                return super.updateTableStatistics(con, trees);
            }
        };
        try {
            storage.open(AccessMode.READ_WRITE);
            storage.write(new WriteOperation() {
                @Override
                public void run(WriteableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                    txn.openTree(tree, true);
                }
            });
            try (final Importer importer = storage.startImport()) {
                importer.put(tree, key(1), value(1));
                importer.aborted(); // what OnDiskMergeImporter reports when the import throws or is cancelled
            }
            assertEquals(refreshes.get(), 0, "statistics were refreshed for an import that was aborted");
            try (final Importer importer = storage.startImport()) {
                importer.put(tree, key(2), value(2));
            }
            assertEquals(refreshes.get(), 1, "statistics were not refreshed for an import that finished");
        } finally {
            try {
                storage.write(new WriteOperation() {
                    @Override
                    public void run(WriteableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                        txn.deleteTree(tree);
                    }
                });
            } catch (Exception ignored) {}
            storage.close();
        }
    }
 
    /**
     * The statistics refresh must be possible to turn off: on oracle it gathers with
     * AUTO_SAMPLE_SIZE, a full scan of every table the import wrote.
     */
    @Test
    public void testStatisticsRefreshCanBeTurnedOff() throws Exception {
        final JDBCStorage storage = new JDBCStorage(createBackendCfg(), null);
        final TreeName tree = new TreeName("o=statisticsOff", "dn2id");
        try {
            storage.open(AccessMode.READ_WRITE);
            storage.write(new WriteOperation() {
                @Override
                public void run(WriteableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                    txn.openTree(tree, true);
                }
            });
            System.setProperty(JDBCStorage.STATISTICS_PROPERTY, "false");
            try (final Connection con = CachedConnection.getConnection(getJdbcUrl())) {
                assertFalse(storage.updateTableStatistics(con, Collections.singleton(tree)),
                    "the refresh ran with " + JDBCStorage.STATISTICS_PROPERTY + "=false");
            }
        } finally {
            System.clearProperty(JDBCStorage.STATISTICS_PROPERTY);
            try {
                storage.write(new WriteOperation() {
                    @Override
                    public void run(WriteableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                        txn.deleteTree(tree);
                    }
                });
            } catch (Exception ignored) {}
            storage.close();
        }
    }
 
    /** deleteTree() must forget the tree: statistics refresh iterates known trees and must skip dropped tables. */
    @Test
    public void testDeleteTreeForgetsTree() throws Exception {
        final JDBCStorage storage = new JDBCStorage(createBackendCfg(), null);
        final TreeName tree = new TreeName("o=deleteTree", "dn2id");
        try {
            storage.open(AccessMode.READ_WRITE);
            storage.write(new WriteOperation() {
                @Override
                public void run(WriteableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                    txn.openTree(tree, true);
                }
            });
            assertTrue(storage.listTrees().contains(tree));
            storage.write(new WriteOperation() {
                @Override
                public void run(WriteableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                    txn.deleteTree(tree);
                }
            });
            assertFalse(storage.listTrees().contains(tree), "deleteTree() left the tree in the tree-to-table cache");
        } finally {
            storage.close();
        }
    }
 
    /** A bulk import must refresh optimizer statistics: fresh tables were never analyzed (#859). */
    @Test
    public void testImportRefreshesTableStatistics() throws Exception {
        final JDBCStorage storage = new JDBCStorage(createBackendCfg(), null);
        final TreeName tree = new TreeName("testImportAnalyze", "tree");
        try {
            storage.open(AccessMode.READ_WRITE);
            storage.write(new WriteOperation() {
                @Override
                public void run(WriteableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                    txn.openTree(tree, true);
                }
            });
            suspendAutomaticStatistics(storage.getTableName(tree));
            try (final Importer importer = storage.startImport()) {
                for (int i = 0; i < 40; i++) {
                    importer.put(tree, key(i), value(i));
                }
            }
            assertTableStatisticsFresh(storage.getTableName(tree));
            // import swallows statistics failures by design: assert directly that the
            // dialect-specific refresh statement is accepted by this database
            try (final Connection con = CachedConnection.getConnection(getJdbcUrl())) {
                assertTrue(storage.updateTableStatistics(con, Collections.singleton(tree)), "statistics refresh reported failures");
            }
        } finally {
            try {
                storage.write(new WriteOperation() {
                    @Override
                    public void run(WriteableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                        txn.deleteTree(tree);
                    }
                });
            } catch (Exception ignored) {}
            storage.close();
        }
    }
 
    /**
     * Suspends the automatic statistics upkeep of the engines that have it, so that what the
     * assertion below sees was produced by the refresh of the import and by nothing else: InnoDB
     * recalculates innodb_table_stats.n_rows on its own (innodb_stats_auto_recalc is on by
     * default), which would let the assertion pass with no "analyze table" ever issued.
     */
    void suspendAutomaticStatistics(String tableName) throws Exception {
        final String url = getJdbcUrl();
        if (!url.startsWith("jdbc:mysql")) {
            return; // nothing refreshes what is asserted below on the other engines within a test run
        }
        try (final Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(url);
             final Statement st = con.createStatement()) {
            st.execute("alter table " + tableName + " stats_auto_recalc=0");
        }
    }
 
    void assertTableStatisticsFresh(String tableName) throws Exception {
        final String url = getJdbcUrl();
        final String sql;
        if (url.startsWith("jdbc:postgresql")) {
            // reltuples stays -1/0 until the first ANALYZE
            sql = "select reltuples::bigint from pg_class where relname='" + tableName + "'";
        } else if (url.startsWith("jdbc:oracle")) {
            // num_rows stays null until dbms_stats gathers statistics
            sql = "select num_rows from user_tables where table_name='" + tableName.toUpperCase() + "'";
        } else if (url.startsWith("jdbc:mysql")) {
            // n_rows in the persistent stats table is refreshed by ANALYZE TABLE, and - with the
            // automatic recalculation suspended above - by nothing else: it stays 0 without it
            sql = "select n_rows from mysql.innodb_table_stats where database_name=database() and table_name='" + tableName + "'";
        } else if (url.startsWith("jdbc:sqlserver")) {
            // last_updated stays null until the first UPDATE STATISTICS
            sql = "select count(*) from sys.stats s cross apply sys.dm_db_stats_properties(s.object_id, s.stats_id) p"
                + " where s.object_id=object_id('" + tableName + "') and p.last_updated is not null";
        } else {
            throw new SkipException("no statistics query for " + url);
        }
        try (final Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(url);
             final Statement st = con.createStatement();
             final ResultSet rs = st.executeQuery(sql)) {
            assertTrue(rs.next(), "table " + tableName + " not found");
            final long rows = rs.getLong(1);
            assertFalse(rs.wasNull(), "statistics were never gathered for " + tableName);
            assertTrue(rows > 0, "statistics of " + tableName + " look stale: " + rows);
        }
    }
 
    /** Cursor operations must keep working when the tree spans several "fetchsize" batches. */
    @Test
    public void testCursorCrossesFetchSizeBatches() throws Exception {
        System.setProperty("org.openidentityplatform.opendj.jdbc.fetchsize", "2");
        final JDBCStorage storage = new JDBCStorage(createBackendCfg(), null);
        final TreeName tree = new TreeName("testCursorBatch", "tree");
        try {
            storage.open(AccessMode.READ_WRITE);
            storage.write(new WriteOperation() {
                @Override
                public void run(WriteableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                    txn.openTree(tree, true);
                    for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
                        txn.put(tree, key(i), value(i));
                    }
                }
            });
            storage.read(new ReadOperation<Void>() {
                @Override
                public Void run(ReadableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                    try (final Cursor<ByteString, ByteString> cursor = txn.openCursor(tree)) {
                        for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
                            assertTrue(cursor.next(), "next() at " + i);
                            assertEquals(cursor.getKey(), key(i));
                            assertEquals(cursor.getValue(), value(i));
                        }
                        assertFalse(cursor.next());
                        assertFalse(cursor.isDefined());
                        try {
                            cursor.getKey();
                            fail("getKey() on undefined cursor must fail");
                        } catch (NoSuchElementException expected) {}
 
                        assertTrue(cursor.positionToKeyOrNext(key(3)));
                        assertEquals(cursor.getKey(), key(3));
                        assertTrue(cursor.positionToKeyOrNext(ByteString.valueOfUtf8("key031")));
                        assertEquals(cursor.getKey(), key(4));
                        assertTrue(cursor.next());
                        assertEquals(cursor.getKey(), key(5));
                        assertTrue(cursor.next());
                        assertEquals(cursor.getKey(), key(6));
                        assertFalse(cursor.next());
                        assertFalse(cursor.positionToKeyOrNext(ByteString.valueOfUtf8("z")));
                        assertFalse(cursor.isDefined());
 
                        assertTrue(cursor.positionToKey(key(5)));
                        assertEquals(cursor.getValue(), value(5));
                        assertTrue(cursor.next());
                        assertEquals(cursor.getKey(), key(6));
                        assertFalse(cursor.positionToKey(ByteString.valueOfUtf8("key99")));
                        assertFalse(cursor.isDefined());
 
                        assertTrue(cursor.positionToIndex(0));
                        assertEquals(cursor.getKey(), key(0));
                        assertTrue(cursor.positionToIndex(5));
                        assertEquals(cursor.getKey(), key(5));
                        assertTrue(cursor.next());
                        assertEquals(cursor.getKey(), key(6));
                        assertFalse(cursor.positionToIndex(7));
                        assertFalse(cursor.positionToIndex(-1));
 
                        assertTrue(cursor.positionToLastKey());
                        assertEquals(cursor.getKey(), key(6));
                        assertFalse(cursor.next());
 
                        assertTrue(cursor.positionToKey(key(0)));
                        try {
                            cursor.delete();
                            fail("delete() on read-only cursor must fail");
                        } catch (UnsupportedOperationException expected) {}
                    }
                    return null;
                }
            });
            storage.write(new WriteOperation() {
                @Override
                public void run(WriteableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                    try (final Cursor<ByteString, ByteString> cursor = txn.openCursor(tree)) {
                        assertTrue(cursor.positionToKey(key(3)));
                        cursor.delete();
                        assertTrue(cursor.next());
                        assertEquals(cursor.getKey(), key(4));
                    }
                    assertNull(txn.read(tree, key(3)));
                    assertEquals(txn.getRecordCount(tree), 6);
                }
            });
        } finally {
            System.clearProperty("org.openidentityplatform.opendj.jdbc.fetchsize");
            try {
                storage.write(new WriteOperation() {
                    @Override
                    public void run(WriteableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                        txn.deleteTree(tree);
                    }
                });
            } catch (Exception ignored) {}
            storage.close();
        }
    }
    /**
     * Two or more <em>distinct new</em> keys written into one tree per transaction is the shape the primary key
     * seek made able to deadlock: on the NOT MATCHED path the seek range-locks the gap before the next existing
     * key, that lock is self-incompatible, and the key hash scatters logically ordered keys across the index, so
     * two writers inserting different keys can each end up holding what the other needs. The ascending key order
     * that {@code IndexBuffer} maintains does not help there. Nothing may escape {@link JDBCStorage#write}, which
     * replays the conflict, and no record may be lost to it (#867).
     */
    @Test(timeOut = 600000)
    public void testConcurrentWritersInsertingDistinctKeys() throws Exception {
        final int writers = 4;
        final int rounds = 25;
        final int keysPerTransaction = 3;
        final int seeded = 10;
        final JDBCStorage storage = new JDBCStorage(createBackendCfg(), null);
        final TreeName tree = new TreeName("testConcurrentInsert", "tree");
        final ExecutorService executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(writers);
        try {
            storage.open(AccessMode.READ_WRITE);
            // seeded, so that every insert below takes the NOT MATCHED path with a gap to lock in front of it
            storage.write(new WriteOperation() {
                @Override
                public void run(WriteableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                    txn.openTree(tree, true);
                    for (int i = 0; i < seeded; i++) {
                        txn.put(tree, key(i), value(i));
                    }
                }
            });
            final List<Callable<Void>> concurrent = new ArrayList<>();
            for (int writer = 0; writer < writers; writer++) {
                final int id = writer;
                concurrent.add(new Callable<Void>() {
                    @Override
                    public Void call() throws Exception {
                        for (int round = 0; round < rounds; round++) {
                            final int current = round;
                            storage.write(new WriteOperation() {
                                @Override
                                public void run(WriteableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                                    for (int i = 0; i < keysPerTransaction; i++) {
                                        txn.put(tree,
                                                ByteString.valueOfUtf8(String.format("w%02d-r%03d-k%d", id, current, i)),
                                                value(i));
                                    }
                                }
                            });
                        }
                        return null;
                    }
                });
            }
            for (final Future<Void> written : executor.invokeAll(concurrent)) {
                // a conflict the storage did not replay surfaces here, as it would reach an LDAP client
                written.get();
            }
            storage.read(new ReadOperation<Void>() {
                @Override
                public Void run(ReadableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                    assertEquals(txn.getRecordCount(tree), seeded + writers * rounds * keysPerTransaction);
                    return null;
                }
            });
        } finally {
            executor.shutdownNow();
            try {
                storage.write(new WriteOperation() {
                    @Override
                    public void run(WriteableTransaction txn) throws Exception {
                        txn.deleteTree(tree);
                    }
                });
            } catch (Exception ignored) {}
            storage.close();
        }
    }
}