From 8503e132a947cfd7f756a42ae0f8cef926426220 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Valery Kharseko <vharseko@3a-systems.ru>
Date: Mon, 21 Sep 2026 09:59:12 +0000
Subject: [PATCH] [#885] Bound the create of the tree catalog, and say when an engine has no bound to give (#1003)

---
 opendj-server-legacy/src/test/java/org/opends/server/backends/jdbc/JDBCDdlLockBoundTestCase.java |  345 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 opendj-server-legacy/src/main/java/org/opends/server/backends/jdbc/JDBCStorage.java              |  148 ++++++++++++++--
 2 files changed, 463 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-)

diff --git a/opendj-server-legacy/src/main/java/org/opends/server/backends/jdbc/JDBCStorage.java b/opendj-server-legacy/src/main/java/org/opends/server/backends/jdbc/JDBCStorage.java
index 3da7d56..39024b4 100644
--- a/opendj-server-legacy/src/main/java/org/opends/server/backends/jdbc/JDBCStorage.java
+++ b/opendj-server-legacy/src/main/java/org/opends/server/backends/jdbc/JDBCStorage.java
@@ -635,6 +635,13 @@
 	private final AtomicBoolean ddlLockBoundNotSetWarned = new AtomicBoolean();
 	private final AtomicLong ddlLockBoundLeftBehindWarned = new AtomicLong();
 	private static final long DDL_LOCK_BOUND_WARNING_INTERVAL_MS = 10000;
+	// And a third way, which is no failure of anything: an engine this backend knows no lock setting
+	// for is left unbounded deliberately, and says so once - see reportTheEngineIsNotKnown(). Not
+	// private, so that a case can read what a storage has already said without reading a log.
+	final AtomicBoolean ddlLockBoundEngineUnknownWarned = new AtomicBoolean();
+	// What was actually said, set beside the flag above and read the same way: the flag alone tells a
+	// case that something was logged, not what it named.
+	volatile String ddlLockBoundEngineUnknownSaid;
 
 	/**
 	 * The socket read timeout of one connection, and the statements running on it. This second
@@ -1301,6 +1308,12 @@
 	 * {@code dsconfig create-backend-index} is answered by {@code alter system set ddl_lock_timeout},
 	 * not by this.
 	 * <p>
+	 * An engine behind a driver this backend does not know is left alone as well, and is told about
+	 * rather than left silent - see {@code reportTheEngineIsNotKnown()}. {@link #dialectOf} reads the
+	 * engine off the class name of the driver, so a mariadb, percona or aurora driver against a live
+	 * mysql is one of these: the bound stays off there, and the line saying so is what an operator has
+	 * to go on.
+	 * <p>
 	 * What it costs is the round trips of the statements around each DDL - three on mysql and sql
 	 * server (reading the value back, setting the bound, giving the value back), two on postgres (the
 	 * savepoint a failed setting is taken back to, and the setting), none on oracle - and only on the
@@ -2127,12 +2140,15 @@
 	 * this reachable from a test with no database behind it.
 	 * <p>
 	 * Nothing of ours is set where it could not be taken off again, and a failure of the readback is
-	 * never the failure of the DDL: this runs on a pooled connection, so a setting left behind reaches
-	 * every statement of whoever borrows it next - on sql server that is every lock wait of theirs,
-	 * row locks included, and {@link #isConflict} classifies error 1222 as no replayable conflict. A
-	 * session this backend could not take its bound off again is kept out of the pool for that reason
-	 * ({@link CachedConnection#keepOutOfThePool}), since the validation of the next borrow is
-	 * {@code isValid()} - a liveness check a connection carrying a stale setting passes.
+	 * never the failure of the DDL: this runs mostly on a pooled connection, so a setting left behind
+	 * reaches every statement of whoever borrows it next - on sql server that is every lock wait of
+	 * theirs, row locks included, and {@link #isConflict} classifies error 1222 as no replayable
+	 * conflict. A session this backend could not take its bound off again is kept out of the pool for
+	 * that reason ({@link CachedConnection#keepOutOfThePool}), since the validation of the next borrow
+	 * is {@code isValid()} - a liveness check a connection carrying a stale setting passes. The one
+	 * connection here that is not the pool's is the catalog's own, which {@code createCatalogTable()}
+	 * creates its table on: there a setting left behind reaches the rest of that write and goes with
+	 * the connection, which is closed with it.
 	 * <p>
 	 * The DDL runs whatever any of that did, and it runs under the same rewrite either way: a setting
 	 * can reach the server and fail only as the statement carrying it is closed, which no driver tells
@@ -2141,10 +2157,21 @@
 	 */
 	<T> T withDdlLockBound(Connection con, Dialect dialect, Execution<T> action) throws SQLException {
 		final int seconds=ddlLockBoundSeconds();
-		// Asked first with nothing displaced yet, which is what tells an engine this bound is never put
-		// on - oracle, and one none of these settings fit - from an engine it is put on. What the session
-		// actually carries is read below, and can take the bound off again all by itself.
-		if (dialect==null || seconds<=0 || dialect.ddlLockBoundSql(seconds, null)==null) {
+		if (seconds<=0) { // the wait is left exactly as unbounded as it was, and nobody asked otherwise
+			return action.run();
+		}
+		if (dialect==null) {
+			// The one branch where a bound was asked for and none is put on, which is why it is the one
+			// that says so: an engine none of these settings fit is fed none of them - untested SQL is no
+			// thing to send a database on the path a backend opens by - and the silence around that is
+			// what an operator has no way of finding out.
+			reportTheEngineIsNotKnown(con);
+			return action.run();
+		}
+		// Asked with nothing displaced yet, which is what tells an engine this bound is never put on -
+		// oracle - from an engine it is put on. What the session actually carries is read below, and can
+		// take the bound off again all by itself.
+		if (dialect.ddlLockBoundSql(seconds, null)==null) {
 			return action.run();
 		}
 		final String query=dialect.ddlLockBoundQuery();
@@ -2338,11 +2365,50 @@
 	}
 
 	/**
+	 * Said once per storage, where the engine behind a connection is not one this backend knows a lock
+	 * setting for. Leaving the bound off such an engine is the conservative reading and stays - untested
+	 * SQL is no thing to send a database on the path a backend opens by - but a deployment that asked
+	 * for the bound has no way of finding out that it got none, which is the silence this ends. It is
+	 * the argument the strict parsing of {@value #DDL_LOCK_TIMEOUT_PROPERTY} is made with, one property
+	 * later.
+	 * <p>
+	 * {@link #dialectOf} reads the engine off the class name of the driver, so this is not the engine
+	 * of an exotic database alone: a mariadb, percona or aurora driver against a live mysql answers
+	 * null here, and that is a session whose {@code lock_wait_timeout} is a year - the very wait this
+	 * bound exists to end. {@link CachedConnection} says the same of a url it knows no connect bound
+	 * for and cannot say it for this one: it keys on the url, which such a driver takes as a mysql one.
+	 * <p>
+	 * The driver is named rather than the url, since the driver is what this reads and what a
+	 * deployment would change - and a url carries the password of the account this backend works as.
+	 * <p>
+	 * The create table this report is issued beside ({@code createCatalogTable()}, and the one
+	 * {@code openTree()} issues for a tree of its own) is not itself a wait such an engine leaves
+	 * unbounded: {@code getTableDialect()} answers an unrecognised engine with postgres' column
+	 * types, which a mysql-family server rejects as a syntax error before it ever queues for a lock.
+	 * What this warns of - the wait an operator would otherwise meet with no word on why - is the
+	 * create index of an open whose table is already there, and the drop table of a clear.
+	 */
+	private void reportTheEngineIsNotKnown(Connection con) {
+		if (ddlLockBoundEngineUnknownWarned.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
+			final String said=String.format("jdbc: the wait of a DDL for a lock is left unbounded on this"
+				+ " database: %s is not a driver this backend knows a lock setting of an engine for, so %s"
+				+ " bounds nothing here and a DDL - the create index of an open whose table is already there,"
+				+ " the drop table of a clear - waits for a lock another session holds for as long as this"
+				+ " engine lets it", driverNameOf(con), DDL_LOCK_TIMEOUT_PROPERTY);
+			ddlLockBoundEngineUnknownSaid=said; // read back by a case the way it reads the flag beside it
+			logger.warn(LocalizableMessage.raw(said));
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
 	 * Gives the session back the value it carried. Best effort, and never the outcome of the DDL: this
 	 * runs from a {@code finally} while the caller may be being unwound, where a throw would replace
 	 * the failure that brought it there (JLS 14.20.2) - the very one saying what went wrong.
 	 * <p>
-	 * A connection this failed on does not go back into the pool. Leaving it to the next borrow to
+	 * A connection this failed on is handed on to nobody. A pooled one is closed rather than given
+	 * back, and the catalog's own - the one connection reaching this that was never in the pool -
+	 * carries the setting for the rest of the write that opened it, the enrolment of the tree among
+	 * that, and is closed with that write. Leaving it to the next borrow to
 	 * notice does not work: that validation is {@code con.isValid()}, a liveness check which a
 	 * connection whose reset failed for a transient reason passes while still carrying our bound, and
 	 * on sql server it would then cut every lock wait of that borrower at it - row locks included,
@@ -2371,8 +2437,10 @@
 			if (now-last >= DDL_LOCK_BOUND_WARNING_INTERVAL_MS && ddlLockBoundLeftBehindWarned.compareAndSet(last, now)) {
 				logger.warn(LocalizableMessage.raw("jdbc: the lock bound of a DDL could not be taken off a connection"
 					+ " of this %s database, which may have been left carrying \"%s\" instead of the value it had:"
-					+ " that connection is closed rather than pooled, so no borrow after this one gives up on a lock"
-					+ " at a bound of %s it never asked for (%s)", dialect, bound, DDL_LOCK_TIMEOUT_PROPERTY,
+					+ " that connection is not handed on - a pooled one is closed rather than given back, and the"
+					+ " catalog's own carries it for the rest of the write that opened it and is closed with that"
+					+ " write - so no later write gives up on a lock at a bound of %s it never asked for (%s)",
+					dialect, bound, DDL_LOCK_TIMEOUT_PROPERTY,
 					stackTraceToSingleLineString(e)));
 			}
 		}
@@ -4756,17 +4824,43 @@
 		 * An account that may write its rows but not create a table is a configuration this can meet,
 		 * so the failure says which table it was and why the backend wanted it, rather than reaching
 		 * the operator as a bare SQL error inside ERR_OPEN_ENV_FAIL.
+		 * <p>
+		 * It waits for its lock under {@link JDBCStorage#DDL_LOCK_TIMEOUT_PROPERTY} like every other DDL
+		 * of this backend, and a lock it gives up on names that property: this statement is issued on the
+		 * catalog's own connection rather than through {@code commitStatement()}, which is the funnel
+		 * that bounds the rest, so the bound is put on here. The catch below tells a lock from the
+		 * privilege line, and reads the failure the way {@link JDBCStorage#lockNotAvailable} does rather
+		 * than by the class {@code gaveUpOnTheLock()} renames to: that rename reaches only a wait this
+		 * backend's own bound ended, and a lock is a lock on every road the create runs bare on as well -
+		 * the property at 0, a session already giving up sooner than ours, oracle left to its
+		 * {@code ddl_lock_timeout}, a wait that ran past the slack - where it arrives as the engine's own
+		 * 55P03 / 1205 / ORA-00054 / 1222. A create the bound of its own class cut short
+		 * ({@code bulk.timeout}, which {@code timedOut()} has already named) is neither, and carries that
+		 * line. What is left is the privilege the account is missing. An engine this backend does not
+		 * know has no number a lock could be told by ({@code isLockTimeout()} answers false on a null
+		 * dialect), and gets the privilege line there as it did.
 		 */
 		void createCatalogTable(TreeName catalog) {
 			final String tableName=getTableName(catalog);
+			Dialect dialect=null; // read inside the try, and asked again by the catch, which tells a lock by the engine's own number
 			try {
 				final Connection catalogCon=catalogSession.connection();
-				try (final PreparedStatement statement=catalogCon.prepareStatement("create table "+tableName+" ("+getTableDialect()+")")) {
-					// bulk like every other create table of this backend (#882): it is DDL nobody waits on,
-					// and the class of a client operation is not what a statement of this kind can be given
-					execute(statement, StatementBound.BULK);
-				}
-				catalogCon.commit();
+				dialect=dialectOf(catalogCon);
+				// Under the same bound as every other DDL of this backend, although this one reaches no
+				// commitStatement(): it is a create table of an open like the ones openTree() issues, and
+				// it queues for the same kind of lock - another process creating this very table inside a
+				// transaction it has not committed is a wait three engines out of four never end. The
+				// commit is inside the bound because on postgres it is that commit which ends the
+				// transaction a "set local" belongs to.
+				withDdlLockBound(catalogCon, dialect, () -> {
+					try (final PreparedStatement statement=catalogCon.prepareStatement("create table "+tableName+" ("+getTableDialect()+")")) {
+						// bulk like every other create table of this backend (#882): it is DDL nobody waits on,
+						// and the class of a client operation is not what a statement of this kind can be given
+						execute(statement, StatementBound.BULK);
+					}
+					catalogCon.commit();
+					return null;
+				});
 			} catch (SQLException | RuntimeException e) {
 				// the unchecked one as well, for the reason enrolInCatalog() takes it: what the statement
 				// left behind has to be rolled back whatever class the failure arrived in, this connection
@@ -4792,9 +4886,21 @@
 						tableName, stackTraceToSingleLineString(e)));
 					return;
 				}
+				// A lock another session holds is not a privilege the account lacks, whichever bound ended
+				// the wait for it: asked of the engine's own number on every road, since gaveUpOnTheLock()
+				// renames only a wait this backend's own bound ended, and the create runs bare wherever
+				// withDdlLockBound() puts no bound on. Asked without the release, as lockNotAvailable()
+				// always is: the lookup above has just been suppressed into this failure, and what it met
+				// on its way says nothing about what the create did. A create the bound of its own class
+				// cut short is neither, and timedOut() has already named that property on it.
+				final String why=lockNotAvailable(e, dialect)
+					? "the create waited for a lock another session holds and gave up: "+e.getMessage()
+					: (e instanceof SQLTimeoutException)
+						? "the create was ended by the bound of its own class: "+e.getMessage()
+						: "a read-write open of a JDBC backend needs the privilege to create it, and a clear of"
+							+" one names nothing without it";
 				throw new StorageRuntimeException("jdbc: backend "+config.getBackendId()+" could not create table "
-					+tableName+", which holds the catalog naming the trees it owns: a read-write open of a JDBC"
-					+" backend needs the privilege to create it, and a clear of one names nothing without it", e);
+					+tableName+", which holds the catalog naming the trees it owns: "+why, e);
 			}
 		}
 
diff --git a/opendj-server-legacy/src/test/java/org/opends/server/backends/jdbc/JDBCDdlLockBoundTestCase.java b/opendj-server-legacy/src/test/java/org/opends/server/backends/jdbc/JDBCDdlLockBoundTestCase.java
index c7e6239..d8875c3 100644
--- a/opendj-server-legacy/src/test/java/org/opends/server/backends/jdbc/JDBCDdlLockBoundTestCase.java
+++ b/opendj-server-legacy/src/test/java/org/opends/server/backends/jdbc/JDBCDdlLockBoundTestCase.java
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@
 import static java.util.Collections.singletonList;
 import static org.forgerock.opendj.config.ConfigurationMock.mockCfg;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.any;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.anyBoolean;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.anyInt;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.anyString;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doAnswer;
@@ -83,19 +84,30 @@
 
 	/** The backend the storage of a case is configured as, which is what names its tree catalog. */
 	private static final String BACKEND_ID = "ddlLockBound";
-	/** That catalog's table, which the connection of a case answers as not being there: see engine(). */
-	private static final String NO_CATALOG_TABLE =
+	/**
+	 * That catalog's table, which the connection of a case answers as not being there (see engine()):
+	 * a case reaching {@code openTree()} therefore takes the branch that creates it.
+	 */
+	private static final String CATALOG_TABLE =
 		JDBCStorage.toTableName(new TreeName(JDBCStorage.CATALOG_BASE_DN, BACKEND_ID));
 
 	/** What the connection of a case was asked to run, in the order it was asked to run it. */
 	private final List<String> issued = new ArrayList<>();
 
+	/**
+	 * What the catalog's own connection was asked to run. The create table of the catalog is issued
+	 * on that connection rather than on the caller's ({@code CatalogSession}), so what is issued
+	 * around it is read off a list of its own instead of out of the middle of the caller's.
+	 */
+	private final List<String> catalogIssued = new ArrayList<>();
+
 	private JDBCStorage storage;
 
 	@BeforeMethod
 	public void createStorage() {
 		storage = new JDBCStorage(backendCfg(), null);
 		issued.clear();
+		catalogIssued.clear();
 	}
 
 	/** A configuration naming this backend, which is all any case here reads off one. */
@@ -191,6 +203,67 @@
 		assertEquals(issued, singletonList(THE_DDL));
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * ... and is told so once, rather than left to be found out. {@code dialectOf()} keys on the class
+	 * name of the driver, so a mariadb, percona or aurora driver against a live mysql answers null
+	 * here - and that is a session whose {@code lock_wait_timeout} is a year, which is the wait this
+	 * bound exists to end. The strict parsing of the property exists so that a deployment which asked
+	 * for a bound is never quietly left with none, and this is the same silence one property later.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testAnEngineThisBackendDoesNotKnowIsReported() throws Exception {
+		final Connection con = recording(mock(Connection.class), "0");
+
+		storage.withDdlLockBound(con, null, theDdl());
+
+		assertTrue(storage.ddlLockBoundEngineUnknownWarned.get(),
+			"a driver this backend knows no lock bound for left the wait of every DDL unbounded and unsaid");
+		final String said = storage.ddlLockBoundEngineUnknownSaid;
+		assertTrue(said != null && said.contains(JDBCStorage.driverNameOf(con)),
+			"the driver left unbounded was not named: " + said);
+		assertTrue(said != null && said.contains(JDBCStorage.DDL_LOCK_TIMEOUT_PROPERTY),
+			"the property that would have bounded it was not named: " + said);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Once per storage, not once per DDL: the line is there to be found in a log, and a copy of it
+	 * beside every create index and every drop table would bury what it says.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testAnEngineThisBackendDoesNotKnowIsReportedOnce() throws Exception {
+		final Connection con = recording(mock(Connection.class), "0");
+		storage.withDdlLockBound(con, null, theDdl());
+		assertTrue(storage.ddlLockBoundEngineUnknownWarned.get(), "the first DDL on the engine said nothing");
+
+		storage.ddlLockBoundEngineUnknownSaid = null;
+		storage.withDdlLockBound(con, null, theDdl());
+
+		assertNull(storage.ddlLockBoundEngineUnknownSaid, "an engine this backend does not know was reported twice");
+	}
+
+	/** A deployment that turned the bound off asked for none anywhere, and has nothing to act on. */
+	@Test
+	public void testAWaitNobodyAskedToBoundIsNotReportedAsAnUnknownEngine() throws Exception {
+		System.setProperty(JDBCStorage.DDL_LOCK_TIMEOUT_PROPERTY, "0");
+
+		storage.withDdlLockBound(recording(mock(Connection.class), "0"), null, theDdl());
+
+		assertFalse(storage.ddlLockBoundEngineUnknownWarned.get(),
+			"a bound nobody asked for was reported as an engine this backend does not know");
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * And oracle is an engine this backend knows perfectly well: it is left to its own
+	 * {@code ddl_lock_timeout} on purpose, which is a decision rather than a gap to report.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testOracleIsNotReportedAsAnEngineThisBackendDoesNotKnow() throws Exception {
+		storage.withDdlLockBound(recording(mock(Connection.class), "0"), Dialect.ORACLE, theDdl());
+
+		assertFalse(storage.ddlLockBoundEngineUnknownWarned.get(),
+			"the engine left alone deliberately was reported as one this backend cannot bound");
+	}
+
 	/** Turning the bound off costs no round trip either: the DDL waits exactly as it did before. */
 	@Test
 	public void testAnUnboundedWaitIssuesNoSessionStatement() throws Exception {
@@ -556,6 +629,201 @@
 		when(con.getMetaData()).thenReturn(metaData);
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * The create table of the tree catalog is the DDL of this backend that goes through neither
+	 * {@code commitStatement()} nor the drop loop: {@code openTree()} creates that table on the
+	 * catalog's own connection before it enrols the tree it is opening, and a backend upgraded from a
+	 * version that kept no catalog meets it on the open of every one of its trees.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testTheCreateOfTheCatalogTableIsBounded() throws Exception {
+		final JDBCStorage bounded = storageHandingOut(engine(postgresConnection.class, "0"),
+			engine(postgresConnection.class, "0", catalogIssued));
+
+		bounded.write(txn -> txn.openTree(TREE, true));
+
+		assertEquals(firstOfTheCatalog(2), asList("set local lock_timeout = 5000",
+			"create table " + CATALOG_TABLE + " (h char(128),k bytea,v bytea,primary key(h,k))"));
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * And it goes through the same helper every other DDL of this backend does, so the session of an
+	 * engine whose setting outlives the transaction is read back first and given its value back after
+	 * - on a connection which is not the pool's, and which the write that opened it closes.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testTheCreateOfTheCatalogTableGivesMysqlItsValueBack() throws Exception {
+		final JDBCStorage bounded = storageHandingOut(engine(mysqlConnection.class, "31536000"),
+			engine(mysqlConnection.class, "31536000", catalogIssued));
+
+		bounded.write(txn -> txn.openTree(TREE, true));
+
+		assertEquals(firstOfTheCatalog(4), asList("select @@session.lock_wait_timeout",
+			"set session lock_wait_timeout=5",
+			"create table " + CATALOG_TABLE + " (h char(128),k varbinary(255),v longblob,primary key(h,k))",
+			"set session lock_wait_timeout=31536000"));
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * A catalog connection whose bound could not be taken off again is not closed by that catch: the
+	 * catch of {@code restoreDdlLockBound()} does {@code keepOutOfThePool()} for a {@link
+	 * CachedConnection} only, and the catalog's own is never one - {@code enrolInCatalog()} still has
+	 * a row to write on it after {@code openTree()} returns. It is {@code write()}'s own {@code
+	 * finally} that closes it, once every tree of the attempt has been enrolled.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testACatalogConnectionWhoseBoundCouldNotBeTakenOffStaysTheWritesConnection() throws Exception {
+		final Connection catalogCon = refusingToGiveTheValueBack(
+			engine(mysqlConnection.class, "31536000", catalogIssued), "31536000", catalogIssued);
+		final JDBCStorage bounded = storageHandingOut(engine(mysqlConnection.class, "31536000"), catalogCon);
+
+		bounded.write(txn -> {
+			txn.openTree(TREE, true);
+			verify(catalogCon, never()).close();
+		});
+
+		verify(catalogCon).close();
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * A lock that create gave up on names the property that ended the wait, all the way out to the
+	 * operator: the failure is wrapped as the backend not being able to create the table which holds
+	 * its catalog, and a bare 55P03 inside that says nothing about which wait ended or what to raise.
+	 * <p>
+	 * Pinned on the wrapper thrown by {@code createCatalogTable()} itself, not merely on some link of
+	 * its cause chain: a wait renamed by {@code gaveUpOnTheLock()} names the property on its own, so a
+	 * wrapper that dropped the distinction and always blamed a missing privilege would still leave
+	 * that name reachable through the cause - which is the gap this asserts on the outer message too.
+	 * The outer message is the one line {@code ERR_OPEN_ENV_FAIL} carries to the operator, so the
+	 * property has to be on it and not only one link down.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testALockTheCreateOfTheCatalogTableGaveUpOnNamesTheProperty() throws Exception {
+		final JDBCStorage bounded = storageHandingOut(engine(postgresConnection.class, "0"),
+			failingTheCreate(engine(postgresConnection.class, "0", catalogIssued),
+				new SQLException("canceling statement due to lock timeout", "55P03")));
+
+		try {
+			bounded.write(txn -> txn.openTree(TREE, true));
+			fail("a create of the catalog table that gave up on a lock has to reach the caller");
+		}catch (StorageRuntimeException expected) {
+			assertTrue(expected.getMessage().contains(CATALOG_TABLE), expected.getMessage());
+			assertFalse(expected.getMessage().contains("privilege"),
+				"a lock gave up on was blamed on a missing privilege: " + expected.getMessage());
+			assertTrue(expected.getMessage().contains(JDBCStorage.DDL_LOCK_TIMEOUT_PROPERTY),
+				"the line the operator reads does not name the property that ended the wait: " + expected.getMessage());
+			assertTrue(expected.getCause() instanceof SQLTimeoutException,
+				"the lock was left as the engine reported it rather than as this bound renamed it: "
+					+ expected.getCause());
+			assertTrue(expected.getCause().getMessage().contains(JDBCStorage.DDL_LOCK_TIMEOUT_PROPERTY),
+				expected.getCause().getMessage());
+			assertEquals(((SQLException) expected.getCause().getCause()).getSQLState(), "55P03");
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * A lock the engine's own setting gave up on is a lock all the same, and is named as one: with the
+	 * property at 0 nothing is put on the session and the create runs bare, so a 55P03 out of a
+	 * {@code lock_timeout} the DBA set - or a 1205 out of a {@code lock_wait_timeout} already tighter
+	 * than ours, or ORA-00054 on the engine left alone - reaches the catch without the rename
+	 * {@code gaveUpOnTheLock()} gives a wait this backend's own bound ended. The catch reads the failure
+	 * the way {@code lockNotAvailable()} does, on every road, rather than by the class the rename
+	 * leaves behind on one of them: a lock another session holds is not a privilege the account lacks,
+	 * whichever bound ended the wait for it.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testALockTheCreateOfTheCatalogTableMetUnderNoBoundOfOursIsStillNamedAsOne() throws Exception {
+		System.setProperty(JDBCStorage.DDL_LOCK_TIMEOUT_PROPERTY, "0");
+		final SQLException lockNotAvailable = new SQLException("canceling statement due to lock timeout", "55P03");
+		final JDBCStorage unbounded = storageHandingOut(engine(postgresConnection.class, "0"),
+			failingTheCreate(engine(postgresConnection.class, "0", catalogIssued), lockNotAvailable));
+
+		try {
+			unbounded.write(txn -> txn.openTree(TREE, true));
+			fail("a create of the catalog table that gave up on a lock has to reach the caller");
+		}catch (StorageRuntimeException expected) {
+			assertTrue(expected.getMessage().contains("waited for a lock another session holds"),
+				"a lock the engine gave up on was not named as one: " + expected.getMessage());
+			assertFalse(expected.getMessage().contains("privilege"),
+				"a lock the engine gave up on was blamed on a missing privilege: " + expected.getMessage());
+			assertSame(expected.getCause(), lockNotAvailable,
+				"a wait no bound of ours ended was renamed as if one had: " + expected.getCause());
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * And a create the bound of its own class cut short - {@code bulk.timeout}, where a deployment
+	 * gave it a value - is neither: {@code timedOut()} has already named that property, and the
+	 * wrapper carries its line rather than blame a lock the statement may not have been queued for,
+	 * or a privilege the account has.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testACreateOfTheCatalogTableItsOwnBoundCancelledIsBlamedOnNeitherALockNorAPrivilege() throws Exception {
+		final SQLException cancelled = new SQLTimeoutException("jdbc: the statement took 100200 ms, reaching the"
+			+ " 100s of " + StatementBound.BULK.property, "57014", 0);
+		final JDBCStorage bounded = storageHandingOut(engine(postgresConnection.class, "0"),
+			failingTheCreate(engine(postgresConnection.class, "0", catalogIssued), cancelled));
+
+		try {
+			bounded.write(txn -> txn.openTree(TREE, true));
+			fail("a create of the catalog table its own bound cancelled has to reach the caller");
+		}catch (StorageRuntimeException expected) {
+			assertTrue(expected.getMessage().contains(StatementBound.BULK.property),
+				"the bound that cut the create short is not on the line the operator reads: " + expected.getMessage());
+			assertFalse(expected.getMessage().contains("waited for a lock another session holds"),
+				"a statement its own bound cancelled was reported as a lock wait: " + expected.getMessage());
+			assertFalse(expected.getMessage().contains("privilege"),
+				"a statement its own bound cancelled was blamed on a missing privilege: " + expected.getMessage());
+			assertSame(expected.getCause(), cancelled);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * What is left is the privilege the account is missing, which is what the line said before the
+	 * catch told the failures apart - kept for the failure it fits, and only for that one.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testAPrivilegeTheCreateOfTheCatalogTableLacksIsNamedAsOne() throws Exception {
+		final SQLException denied = new SQLException("permission denied for schema public", "42501");
+		final JDBCStorage bounded = storageHandingOut(engine(postgresConnection.class, "0"),
+			failingTheCreate(engine(postgresConnection.class, "0", catalogIssued), denied));
+
+		try {
+			bounded.write(txn -> txn.openTree(TREE, true));
+			fail("a create of the catalog table the account may not issue has to reach the caller");
+		}catch (StorageRuntimeException expected) {
+			assertTrue(expected.getMessage().contains(CATALOG_TABLE), expected.getMessage());
+			assertTrue(expected.getMessage().contains("privilege"),
+				"a privilege the account lacks was named as something else: " + expected.getMessage());
+			assertFalse(expected.getMessage().contains("waited for a lock another session holds"),
+				"a privilege the account lacks was reported as a lock wait: " + expected.getMessage());
+			assertSame(expected.getCause(), denied, "a failure that was no lock wait was renamed");
+		}
+	}
+
+	/** The statements of the catalog's connection a case reads, without running off its end. */
+	private List<String> firstOfTheCatalog(int statements) {
+		return catalogIssued.subList(0, Math.min(statements, catalogIssued.size()));
+	}
+
+	/** A connection whose create table is the statement the engine refuses, with the given failure. */
+	private Connection failingTheCreate(final Connection con, final SQLException failure) throws SQLException {
+		// doAnswer() rather than when(): the connection has been given a prepareStatement() already, and
+		// calling it inside a when() would run that answer - which stubs a mock of its own - in the
+		// middle of this stubbing, which mockito reads as a stubbing that never named a method
+		doAnswer(invocation -> {
+			final String sql = (String) invocation.getArguments()[0];
+			catalogIssued.add(sql);
+			final PreparedStatement statement = mock(PreparedStatement.class);
+			when(statement.getConnection()).thenReturn(con);
+			if (sql.startsWith("create table ")) {
+				when(statement.executeUpdate()).thenThrow(failure);
+			}
+			return statement;
+		}).when(con).prepareStatement(anyString());
+		return con;
+	}
+
 	/** A catalog naming each of the given trees at the table its name hashes to. */
 	private static Map<TreeName, String> catalogOf(TreeName... trees) {
 		final Map<TreeName, String> catalog = new LinkedHashMap<>();
@@ -725,13 +993,19 @@
 	 * setting with the value a session of that engine carries.
 	 */
 	private Connection recording(final Connection con, final String carries) throws SQLException {
+		return recording(con, carries, issued);
+	}
+
+	/** The same, recording into the list the statements of this connection belong in. */
+	private Connection recording(final Connection con, final String carries, final List<String> into)
+			throws SQLException {
 		final Statement statement = mock(Statement.class);
 		when(statement.execute(anyString())).thenAnswer(invocation -> {
-			issued.add((String) invocation.getArguments()[0]);
+			into.add((String) invocation.getArguments()[0]);
 			return false;
 		});
 		when(statement.executeQuery(anyString())).thenAnswer(invocation -> {
-			issued.add((String) invocation.getArguments()[0]);
+			into.add((String) invocation.getArguments()[0]);
 			final ResultSet carried = mock(ResultSet.class);
 			when(carried.next()).thenReturn(true, false);
 			when(carried.getString(1)).thenReturn(carries);
@@ -765,10 +1039,16 @@
 
 	/** And one that takes the bound and will not take back the value that bound displaced. */
 	private Connection refusingToGiveTheValueBack(final Connection con, final String carries) throws SQLException {
-		final Statement statement = recording(con, carries).createStatement();
+		return refusingToGiveTheValueBack(con, carries, issued);
+	}
+
+	/** The same, recording into the list the statements of this connection belong in. */
+	private Connection refusingToGiveTheValueBack(final Connection con, final String carries, final List<String> into)
+			throws SQLException {
+		final Statement statement = recording(con, carries, into).createStatement();
 		final AtomicBoolean bound = new AtomicBoolean();
 		doAnswer(invocation -> {
-			issued.add((String) invocation.getArguments()[0]);
+			into.add((String) invocation.getArguments()[0]);
 			if (!bound.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
 				throw new SQLException("the connection went before the value could be given back", "08006");
 			}
@@ -787,15 +1067,25 @@
 	interface postgresConnection extends Connection {
 	}
 
+	/** The same for mysql, whose setting outlives the transaction and is read back and put back. */
+	interface mysqlConnection extends Connection {
+	}
+
 	/**
 	 * A connection of the given engine, recording the statements it is asked to run - the DDL among the
 	 * session settings around it - over a catalog holding the table of every tree named here.
 	 */
 	private Connection engine(Class<? extends Connection> engine, String carries) throws SQLException {
-		final Connection con = recording(mock(engine), carries);
+		return engine(engine, carries, issued);
+	}
+
+	/** The same, recording into the list the statements of this connection belong in. */
+	private Connection engine(Class<? extends Connection> engine, String carries, List<String> into)
+			throws SQLException {
+		final Connection con = recording(mock(engine), carries, into);
 		when(con.isValid(anyInt())).thenReturn(true);
 		when(con.prepareStatement(anyString())).thenAnswer(invocation -> {
-			issued.add((String) invocation.getArguments()[0]);
+			into.add((String) invocation.getArguments()[0]);
 			final PreparedStatement statement = mock(PreparedStatement.class);
 			when(statement.getConnection()).thenReturn(con);
 			return statement;
@@ -809,11 +1099,21 @@
 			// backend upgraded from a version that kept no catalog takes the shortest way to the funnel
 			// carrying them - the catalog would otherwise want a connection of its own, which is not a
 			// connection this mock hands out. CatalogConnectionTestCase covers that one.
-			when(tables.next()).thenReturn(!NO_CATALOG_TABLE.equals(asked), false);
+			when(tables.next()).thenReturn(!CATALOG_TABLE.equals(asked), false);
 			// the name the catalog was asked about, so that every tree of a case is found to exist
 			when(tables.getString("TABLE_NAME")).thenReturn(asked);
 			return tables;
 		});
+		// The index of a tree is found missing, which is the shortest way through openTree() to the
+		// catalog table it creates on the way: a getIndexInfo() no case answers comes back null, which
+		// is a NullPointerException inside the lookup rather than a case. The create index that then
+		// follows is issued on the caller's connection, where these cases read nothing.
+		when(metaData.getIndexInfo(any(), any(), anyString(), anyBoolean(), anyBoolean()))
+			.thenAnswer(invocation -> {
+				final ResultSet indexes = mock(ResultSet.class);
+				when(indexes.next()).thenReturn(false);
+				return indexes;
+			});
 		when(con.getMetaData()).thenReturn(metaData);
 		return con;
 	}
@@ -824,6 +1124,15 @@
 	 * around a DDL, not the pool that produced the connection carrying them.
 	 */
 	private JDBCStorage storageHandingOut(final Connection con) {
+		return storageHandingOut(con, null);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * The same, handing out the given connection for the tree catalog as well: that connection is not
+	 * a pooled one - {@code CatalogSession} opens it through {@code newCatalogConnection()} - so it is
+	 * given its own seam rather than borrowed through the one above.
+	 */
+	private JDBCStorage storageHandingOut(final Connection con, final Connection catalogCon) {
 		final JDBCStorage handing = new JDBCStorage(backendCfg(), null) {
 			@Override
 			Connection getConnection(boolean trusted) {
@@ -831,6 +1140,24 @@
 			}
 
 			@Override
+			Connection newCatalogConnection(long budgetDeadline) throws SQLException {
+				if (catalogCon == null) {
+					throw new SQLException("this case opens no catalog connection");
+				}
+				return catalogCon;
+			}
+
+			@Override
+			Connection newStampConnection(Dialect dialect) throws SQLException {
+				// The stamp of an open is no part of any case here, and commentTable() takes this for
+				// what it is - a stamp connection that could not be made, which leaves the table
+				// unstamped and the open unaffected. Answered here rather than left to fail on its own,
+				// because failing on its own means DriverManager: this suite needs no database, and a
+				// mock-only case has no business registering every jdbc driver on the classpath.
+				throw new SQLException("this case stamps nothing");
+			}
+
+			@Override
 			public StorageStatus getStorageStatus() {
 				return StorageStatus.working(); // open already, so an importer borrows and no more
 			}

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