From 8890fb0259e3f277ec0f24a1de575f031721101d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Valery Kharseko <vharseko@3a-systems.ru>
Date: Tue, 22 Sep 2026 09:12:00 +0000
Subject: [PATCH] [#1011] Wait out the connection limit an account is given of its own (#1018)

---
 opendj-server-legacy/src/test/java/org/opends/server/backends/jdbc/CachedConnectionTestCase.java |  172 +++++++++++++++++++++
 opendj-server-legacy/src/main/java/org/opends/server/backends/jdbc/CachedConnection.java         |  110 +++++++++++++
 opendj-server-legacy/src/test/java/org/opends/server/backends/jdbc/MySqlTestCase.java            |  140 +++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 414 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/opendj-server-legacy/src/main/java/org/opends/server/backends/jdbc/CachedConnection.java b/opendj-server-legacy/src/main/java/org/opends/server/backends/jdbc/CachedConnection.java
index b08ce80..4b7451f 100644
--- a/opendj-server-legacy/src/main/java/org/opends/server/backends/jdbc/CachedConnection.java
+++ b/opendj-server-legacy/src/main/java/org/opends/server/backends/jdbc/CachedConnection.java
@@ -889,7 +889,13 @@
         MYSQL("jdbc:mysql:", '?',
             new String[]{"connectTimeout"}, 1000, 0,
             new String[]{"socketTimeout"}, 1000, true,
-            new int[]{1040, 1203}, new int[]{1053}),
+            // 1040 is the max_connections of the server, 1203 the max_user_connections an account
+            // inherits from it, and 1226 the limit granted to the account itself - the last of them
+            // in accountLimitCodes, since the same code carries the limits granted per hour.
+            // 1129, a host the server blocked after too many failed connects, is left out of all
+            // three on purpose: the host cache holds that block until an administrator flushes it,
+            // so waiting a borrow's deadline out would only hide the message naming the remedy.
+            new int[]{1040, 1203}, new int[]{1053}, new int[]{1226}),
         /** oracle: both properties take milliseconds; ReadTimeout is a socket read timeout that outlives the login. */
         ORACLE("jdbc:oracle:", '?',
             new String[]{"oracle.net.CONNECT_TIMEOUT"}, 1000, 0,
@@ -905,10 +911,14 @@
             // and the name does not appear in ojdbc8 at all, so a descriptor carrying one would
             // have taken our bound off a connection that never had one of its own.
             new String[]{"oracle.jdbc.ReadTimeout", "oracle.net.READ_TIMEOUT"}, 1000, true,
+            // ORA-00020 is the processes of the instance and ORA-00018 its sessions; ORA-02391 is
+            // the SESSIONS_PER_USER of the account's own profile, the per-account sibling of the
+            // two, and every one of the three is cleared by a session ending - which for this pool
+            // is a connection of its own going back to it.
             // ORA-01033 and ORA-01034: the instance is starting up or not there yet; ORA-01089:
             // it is shutting down. ORA-12514 is left out of these on purpose - a listener that
             // does not know the service is also what a service name of a typo looks like, forever
-            new int[]{20, 12516, 12518, 12519, 12520}, new int[]{1033, 1034, 1089}),
+            new int[]{18, 20, 2391, 12516, 12518, 12519, 12520}, new int[]{1033, 1034, 1089}),
         /**
          * ms sql server: loginTimeout takes seconds, socketTimeout milliseconds; the latter is a
          * socket read timeout that outlives the login. loginTimeout is the one property of the
@@ -939,11 +949,39 @@
         final int[] connectionLimitCodes;
         /** the vendor codes of this dialect for "not accepting connections yet": a database on its way up */
         final int[] notAcceptingYetCodes;
+        /**
+         * The vendor codes for a limit an account is given of its own, which this dialect reports
+         * with the code of limits that no wait can clear. mysql answers 1226 ER_USER_LIMIT_REACHED
+         * both for the MAX_USER_CONNECTIONS of a grant - the connections this account may hold at
+         * once, which a connection of this pool going back clears, exactly as the limit of the
+         * server does - and for the resources it is granted per hour, which the top of the hour
+         * clears and nothing else does. The resource the server names in the message tells the two
+         * apart: it is filled into the text as a literal of its own rather than translated with
+         * the rest of it, which is why it can be read there (#1011).
+         */
+        final int[] accountLimitCodes;
+        /**
+         * The resource such a code names, as the server writes it: quoted, lower case and starting
+         * in max_, which is what every resource of ER_USER_LIMIT_REACHED is called - and what the
+         * user name beside it in the same message is not, save for an account named after one.
+         */
+        private static final Pattern GRANTED_RESOURCE = Pattern.compile("'(max_[a-z_]+)'");
+        /** the one resource of those codes that a connection of this pool going back clears */
+        private static final String CONCURRENT_ACCOUNT_LIMIT = "max_user_connections";
 
         ConnectDialect(String urlPrefix, char parameterSeparator,
                        String[] connectProperties, int connectUnitsPerSecond, long maxConnectSeconds,
                        String[] readProperties, int readUnitsPerSecond, boolean readBoundOutlivesLogin,
                        int[] connectionLimitCodes, int[] notAcceptingYetCodes) {
+            this(urlPrefix, parameterSeparator, connectProperties, connectUnitsPerSecond, maxConnectSeconds,
+                readProperties, readUnitsPerSecond, readBoundOutlivesLogin,
+                connectionLimitCodes, notAcceptingYetCodes, new int[]{});
+        }
+
+        ConnectDialect(String urlPrefix, char parameterSeparator,
+                       String[] connectProperties, int connectUnitsPerSecond, long maxConnectSeconds,
+                       String[] readProperties, int readUnitsPerSecond, boolean readBoundOutlivesLogin,
+                       int[] connectionLimitCodes, int[] notAcceptingYetCodes, int[] accountLimitCodes) {
             this.urlPrefix = urlPrefix;
             this.parameterSeparator = parameterSeparator;
             this.connectProperties = connectProperties;
@@ -954,6 +992,7 @@
             this.readBoundOutlivesLogin = readBoundOutlivesLogin;
             this.connectionLimitCodes = connectionLimitCodes;
             this.notAcceptingYetCodes = notAcceptingYetCodes;
+            this.accountLimitCodes = accountLimitCodes;
         }
 
         /** The dialect of a connection string, or null for a driver whose property names are not known here. */
@@ -1029,9 +1068,60 @@
             }
         }
 
-        /** Whether a vendor code of this dialect is one that waiting for the database can clear. */
-        boolean isWorthRetrying(int errorCode) {
-            return contains(connectionLimitCodes, errorCode) || contains(notAcceptingYetCodes, errorCode);
+        /** Whether a failure of this dialect is one that waiting for the database can clear. */
+        boolean isWorthRetrying(SQLException e) {
+            final int errorCode = e.getErrorCode();
+            if (contains(connectionLimitCodes, errorCode) || contains(notAcceptingYetCodes, errorCode)) {
+                return true;
+            }
+            // asked of the message of this link and not of the failure as a whole: a wrapper is
+            // free to carry the text of something else entirely beside the code of this one
+            return contains(accountLimitCodes, errorCode) && !namesALimitNoConnectionClears(e.getMessage());
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Whether the message of a failure names a resource of an account that no connection of
+         * this pool coming back can clear.
+         * <p>
+         * The resource is asked for by name rather than by the shape of the name: mysql fills it
+         * into ER_USER_LIMIT_REACHED - "User '%s' has exceeded the '%s' resource (current value:
+         * %ld)" - as a literal of its own, and the literals are not the keywords of GRANT.
+         * Measured against mysql:9.2, a grant of MAX_USER_CONNECTIONS is named
+         * max_user_connections and MAX_CONNECTIONS_PER_HOUR is named max_connections_per_hour,
+         * while MAX_QUERIES_PER_HOUR and MAX_UPDATES_PER_HOUR are named max_questions and
+         * max_updates - two of the three granted per hour carrying no _per_hour about them, so a
+         * suffix is no way to tell the families apart.
+         * <p>
+         * What is asked instead is the one resource of this code a wait does clear: the
+         * connections this account may hold at once are held by this pool, and one of them is on
+         * its way back. Everything else the server names is left to the caller - the resources
+         * granted per hour are cleared by the top of the hour and nothing else, and waiting one of
+         * those out would cost every borrow the whole deadline of the pool, a worker thread parked
+         * in each, for as long as the hour lasts, with the message naming the resource hidden
+         * behind a timeout. A resource this code carries and this server has yet to be given is
+         * treated the same way: reported, the way master reported every one of them.
+         * <p>
+         * A message naming no resource at all - a proxy that rewrote it, a driver that kept the
+         * code and dropped the text - is taken for the concurrent limit: that is the one an
+         * account is given in practice, the wait it costs is bounded by the deadline of the
+         * borrow, and reading it as permanent fails an operation a connection of ours coming back
+         * would have served. The literal is read wherever it stands rather than out of the
+         * sentence around it, since the sentence is the server's to translate while the resource
+         * it fills in is not (#1011).
+         */
+        private static boolean namesALimitNoConnectionClears(String message) {
+            if (message == null) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            final Matcher resource = GRANTED_RESOURCE.matcher(message);
+            boolean named = false;
+            while (resource.find()) {
+                if (CONCURRENT_ACCOUNT_LIMIT.equals(resource.group(1))) {
+                    return false; // the limit of this account on the connections this pool holds
+                }
+                named = true;
+            }
+            return named;
         }
 
         private static boolean contains(int[] codes, int code) {
@@ -1740,6 +1830,14 @@
      * recovers - the one JDBCStorage.open() has no second attempt of its own for, so a backend
      * that meets it stays locked down until the server is restarted. Both clear themselves in
      * seconds; every other failure is the caller's to see.
+     * <p>
+     * The limit an account is given of its own is the first of those cases and not a refusal: the
+     * connections it caps are the connections of this pool, and one of them is on its way back.
+     * Which is not how a database reports it - mysql answers a grant's MAX_USER_CONNECTIONS in the
+     * syntax error class, oracle a profile's SESSIONS_PER_USER with no connection class at all -
+     * so the vendor code of the dialect is the whole of what tells such a limit from a statement
+     * the database rejected, and a code that also carries a limit granted per hour is asked about
+     * the resource its message names ({@link ConnectDialect#accountLimitCodes}, #1011).
      */
     static boolean isWorthRetrying(SQLException e, ConnectDialect dialect) {
         // a failure of the driver is often wrapped, and a SQLException carries two chains of its
@@ -1753,7 +1851,7 @@
                 final SQLException sql = (SQLException) t;
                 final String sqlState = sql.getSQLState();
                 if (CONNECTION_LIMIT_SQL_STATE.equals(sqlState) || NOT_ACCEPTING_YET_SQL_STATE.equals(sqlState)
-                    || (dialect != null && dialect.isWorthRetrying(sql.getErrorCode()))) {
+                    || (dialect != null && dialect.isWorthRetrying(sql))) {
                     return true;
                 }
                 enqueue(pending, visited, sql.getNextException());
diff --git a/opendj-server-legacy/src/test/java/org/opends/server/backends/jdbc/CachedConnectionTestCase.java b/opendj-server-legacy/src/test/java/org/opends/server/backends/jdbc/CachedConnectionTestCase.java
index 5d22954..4250deb 100644
--- a/opendj-server-legacy/src/test/java/org/opends/server/backends/jdbc/CachedConnectionTestCase.java
+++ b/opendj-server-legacy/src/test/java/org/opends/server/backends/jdbc/CachedConnectionTestCase.java
@@ -1116,6 +1116,178 @@
 		assertEquals(stub.attempts.get(), 1, "a rejected login must be attempted once");
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * The limit an account is given of its own is the same failure as the limit of the server, and
+	 * clears the same way: the connections this account may hold at once are held by this pool, and
+	 * one of them is on its way back to it. mysql reports it as 1226 ER_USER_LIMIT_REACHED and in
+	 * the syntax error class - 42000, where a statement the database refused lands - so the vendor
+	 * code is the whole of what tells the two apart (#1011).
+	 */
+	@Test(timeOut = 120000)
+	public void testThePerAccountConnectionLimitOfMysqlIsRetried() {
+		assertTrue(CachedConnection.isWorthRetrying(
+				new SQLException("User 'opendj' has exceeded the 'max_user_connections' resource (current value: 4)",
+					"42000", 1226),
+				CachedConnection.ConnectDialect.of("jdbc:mysql://db.example.com:3306/opendj")),
+			"a per-account connection limit clears when a connection of this pool goes back to it");
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * The same code carries the limits an account is given per hour, and those are cleared by the
+	 * top of the hour rather than by a connection coming back. Waiting one out would cost every
+	 * borrow the whole deadline of the pool - a worker thread apiece, for as long as the hour lasts
+	 * - and would hide the message naming the resource behind a timeout, so it is reported at once.
+	 * The resource is named by the server as a literal of its own, which is why it can be read out
+	 * of a message whose text is otherwise the server's to translate.
+	 */
+	@Test(timeOut = 120000)
+	public void testTheHourlyLimitOfAMysqlAccountIsNotRetried() {
+		assertFalse(CachedConnection.isWorthRetrying(
+				new SQLException("User 'opendj' has exceeded the 'max_connections_per_hour' resource (current value: 5)",
+					"42000", 1226),
+				CachedConnection.ConnectDialect.of("jdbc:mysql://db.example.com:3306/opendj")),
+			"an hourly limit is not cleared by a connection of this pool coming back");
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * ... and the resource is read by the name the server gives it rather than by the shape of that
+	 * name: the queries an account is granted per hour are named max_questions, with no _per_hour
+	 * about them (measured against mysql:9.2). This one reaches the road this gate guards - an
+	 * account whose quota is spent is refused the connect itself, Connector/J spending what is left
+	 * of it on the queries of its own login - so a wait would park a worker thread in every borrow
+	 * and every catalog connect until the hour turns, with the message naming the resource hidden
+	 * behind the timeout of the borrow.
+	 */
+	@Test(timeOut = 120000)
+	public void testTheHourlyQueryLimitOfAMysqlAccountIsNotRetried() {
+		assertFalse(CachedConnection.isWorthRetrying(
+				new SQLException("User 'opendj' has exceeded the 'max_questions' resource (current value: 5)",
+					"42000", 1226),
+				CachedConnection.ConnectDialect.of("jdbc:mysql://db.example.com:3306/opendj")),
+			"the queries granted per hour are named max_questions, and no connection coming back clears them");
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * The same for the updates granted per hour, which the server names max_updates: this one is met
+	 * by a statement that changes data rather than by a connect, so it reaches this gate only where
+	 * a driver hands the pool a failure of something else entirely - and it is no more cleared by a
+	 * connection coming back than the queries are.
+	 */
+	@Test(timeOut = 120000)
+	public void testTheHourlyUpdateLimitOfAMysqlAccountIsNotRetried() {
+		assertFalse(CachedConnection.isWorthRetrying(
+				new SQLException("User 'opendj' has exceeded the 'max_updates' resource (current value: 5)",
+					"42000", 1226),
+				CachedConnection.ConnectDialect.of("jdbc:mysql://db.example.com:3306/opendj")),
+			"the updates granted per hour are named max_updates, and no connection coming back clears them");
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * A resource this code carries that this server has yet to be given is reported rather than
+	 * waited out: what the wait clears is the connections of this pool, and a resource nobody here
+	 * has heard of is not those. That is what master did with every one of these codes, so an
+	 * unknown resource costs a borrow nothing it did not cost before (#1011).
+	 */
+	@Test(timeOut = 120000)
+	public void testAMysqlResourceThisGateDoesNotKnowIsNotRetried() {
+		assertFalse(CachedConnection.isWorthRetrying(
+				new SQLException("User 'opendj' has exceeded the 'max_statements_per_minute' resource"
+					+ " (current value: 5)", "42000", 1226),
+				CachedConnection.ConnectDialect.of("jdbc:mysql://db.example.com:3306/opendj")),
+			"a resource of this code that is not the concurrent limit is the caller's to see");
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * A 1226 that names no resource - a proxy that rewrote the message, a driver that kept the code
+	 * and not the text - is waited out rather than reported: the concurrent limit is the one an
+	 * account is given in practice, the wait it costs is bounded by the deadline of the borrow, and
+	 * reading it as permanent fails an operation a connection of ours would have served.
+	 */
+	@Test(timeOut = 120000)
+	public void testAMysqlAccountLimitWhoseResourceIsNotNamedIsRetried() {
+		assertTrue(CachedConnection.isWorthRetrying(new SQLException("connection rejected", "42000", 1226),
+				CachedConnection.ConnectDialect.of("jdbc:mysql://db.example.com:3306/opendj")),
+			"a limit whose resource is not named is taken for the concurrent one");
+	}
+
+	/** ... which is the message of a driver that kept the code and dropped the text: none at all. */
+	@Test(timeOut = 120000)
+	public void testAMysqlAccountLimitWithNoMessageIsRetried() {
+		assertTrue(CachedConnection.isWorthRetrying(new SQLException(null, "42000", 1226),
+				CachedConnection.ConnectDialect.of("jdbc:mysql://db.example.com:3306/opendj")),
+			"a limit arriving without a message is taken for the concurrent one rather than thrown at");
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * A host the server blocked is no limit that clears itself: the host cache holds the block until
+	 * an administrator flushes it, so waiting the deadline of a borrow out would only hide the one
+	 * message naming the remedy behind a timeout. It belongs with the password that is not accepted.
+	 */
+	@Test(timeOut = 120000)
+	public void testAHostMysqlBlockedIsNotRetried() {
+		assertFalse(CachedConnection.isWorthRetrying(
+				new SQLException("Host 'ldap1.example.com' is blocked because of many connection errors;"
+					+ " unblock with 'mysqladmin flush-hosts'", "HY000", 1129),
+				CachedConnection.ConnectDialect.of("jdbc:mysql://db.example.com:3306/opendj")),
+			"a blocked host is cleared by an administrator, not by waiting");
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * The resource is read off the link the code arrived on, not off the failure as a whole: a
+	 * wrapper - a proxy, a DataSource of a container - is free to carry the text of something else
+	 * entirely above the exception that carries the code, and a verdict made of the two together
+	 * belongs to neither of them.
+	 */
+	@Test(timeOut = 120000)
+	public void testTheResourceIsReadOffTheLinkCarryingTheCode() {
+		final SQLException wrapped = new SQLException("could not connect: the account has exceeded the"
+			+ " 'max_connections_per_hour' resource", "08006",
+			new SQLException("User 'opendj' has exceeded the 'max_user_connections' resource (current value: 4)",
+				"42000", 1226));
+
+		assertTrue(CachedConnection.isWorthRetrying(wrapped,
+				CachedConnection.ConnectDialect.of("jdbc:mysql://db.example.com:3306/opendj")),
+			"the resource of the link carrying the code is what the verdict is made of");
+	}
+
+	/** ... and the other way around: the text of the wrapper decides nothing for the code beneath it. */
+	@Test(timeOut = 120000)
+	public void testTheResourceOfAWrapperDecidesNothing() {
+		final SQLException wrapped = new SQLException("could not connect to the server", "08006",
+			new SQLException("User 'opendj' has exceeded the 'max_connections_per_hour' resource (current value: 5)",
+				"42000", 1226));
+
+		assertFalse(CachedConnection.isWorthRetrying(wrapped,
+				CachedConnection.ConnectDialect.of("jdbc:mysql://db.example.com:3306/opendj")),
+			"an hourly limit stays an hourly limit under a wrapper that names no resource");
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * The sessions an oracle account may hold at once are the SESSIONS_PER_USER of its profile, and
+	 * ORA-02391 is the per-account sibling of the ORA-00020 this table knew already: both are
+	 * cleared by a session ending, which for this pool is a connection of its own going back to it.
+	 */
+	@Test(timeOut = 120000)
+	public void testTheSessionLimitOfAnOracleProfileIsRetried() {
+		// the state as ojdbc reported it against a profile with sessions_per_user 1: 61000, no
+		// connection class of its own either, so the vendor code is again the whole of the verdict
+		assertTrue(CachedConnection.isWorthRetrying(
+				new SQLException("ORA-02391: exceeded simultaneous SESSIONS_PER_USER limit", "61000", 2391),
+				CachedConnection.ConnectDialect.of("jdbc:oracle:thin:@db.example.com:1521/FREEPDB1")),
+			"the session limit of a profile is cleared by a session of this pool ending");
+	}
+
+	/** ORA-00018, the same limit as the instance keeps it: a session of somebody's has to end. */
+	@Test(timeOut = 120000)
+	public void testTheSessionLimitOfAnOracleInstanceIsRetried() {
+		// no state: an instance out of sessions is not something this test could provoke to measure
+		// one from, and the vendor code is what the verdict is made of
+		assertTrue(CachedConnection.isWorthRetrying(
+				new SQLException("ORA-00018: maximum number of sessions exceeded", null, 18),
+				CachedConnection.ConnectDialect.of("jdbc:oracle:thin:@db.example.com:1521/FREEPDB1")),
+			"the session limit of an instance is cleared by a session ending");
+	}
+
 	/** A connection the setup of which failed belongs to nobody: it has to be closed, not leaked. */
 	@Test(timeOut = 120000)
 	public void testConnectionIsClosedWhenItsSetupFails() throws Exception {
diff --git a/opendj-server-legacy/src/test/java/org/opends/server/backends/jdbc/MySqlTestCase.java b/opendj-server-legacy/src/test/java/org/opends/server/backends/jdbc/MySqlTestCase.java
index a7462df..a3d325c 100644
--- a/opendj-server-legacy/src/test/java/org/opends/server/backends/jdbc/MySqlTestCase.java
+++ b/opendj-server-legacy/src/test/java/org/opends/server/backends/jdbc/MySqlTestCase.java
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
  * Header, with the fields enclosed by brackets [] replaced by your own identifying
  * information: "Portions Copyright [year] [name of copyright owner]".
  *
- * Copyright 2025 3A Systems, LLC.
+ * Copyright 2025-2026 3A Systems, LLC.
  */
 package org.opends.server.backends.jdbc;
 
@@ -19,9 +19,21 @@
 import org.testcontainers.containers.MySQLContainer;
 import org.testng.annotations.Test;
 
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.DriverManager;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.sql.Statement;
+
+import static org.testng.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.testng.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.testng.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.testng.Assert.fail;
+
 //docker run --rm --name mysql -p 3306:3306 -e MYSQL_DATABASE=database_name -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=password mysql:latest
 
-@Test
+// sequential, as every suite declaring a test of its own is: TestListener asks it of the class a
+// running test is declared by, and the inherited ones answer for the class that declares them
+@Test(sequential = true)
 public class MySqlTestCase extends TestCase {
 
     @Override
@@ -48,4 +60,128 @@
         return "jdbc:mysql://root:password@localhost:" + ((container==null)?"3306":container.getMappedPort(3306)) + "/database_name";
     }
 
+    /**
+     * The vendor code a per-account connection limit is classified by is the code the server sends
+     * for it, and it is the whole of what this verdict can be made of: an account whose grant caps
+     * its simultaneous connections refuses the next connect with 1226 in the syntax error class -
+     * 42000, where a statement the database rejected lands - rather than in a connection class of
+     * its own. The unit tests pin what the pool does with the code; this pins that the code is the
+     * one arriving from a real server through the driver this backend ships with (#1011).
+     */
+    @Test(timeOut = 120000)
+    public void testAPerAccountConnectionLimitIsWorthRetrying() throws Exception {
+        final String url = getJdbcUrl();
+        final String limited = url.replace("root:password", "limited1011:secret");
+        // dropped first: a run this one was killed in the middle of leaves the account behind
+        grant(url, "drop user if exists 'limited1011'@'%'",
+            "create user 'limited1011'@'%' identified by 'secret' with max_user_connections 1",
+            "grant all on database_name.* to 'limited1011'@'%'");
+        try (final Connection held = DriverManager.getConnection(limited)) {
+            assertTrue(held.isValid(CachedConnection.VALIDATION_TIMEOUT_SECONDS),
+                "the account is refused its first connection already");
+            try (final Connection second = DriverManager.getConnection(limited)) {
+                fail("an account limited to one connection must be refused a second: " + second);
+            } catch (SQLException refused) {
+                assertEquals(refused.getErrorCode(), 1226,
+                    "the server reports a per-account connection limit as: " + refused);
+                // the resource is what tells this code from the ones no wait clears, and the server
+                // writes it as a literal of its own: read here from the server rather than assumed
+                assertTrue(refused.getMessage().contains("'max_user_connections'"),
+                    "the server names the resource of the concurrent limit as: " + refused.getMessage());
+                assertTrue(CachedConnection.isWorthRetrying(refused, CachedConnection.ConnectDialect.of(limited)),
+                    "a borrow must wait a per-account limit out rather than fail on it: " + refused);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            grant(url, "drop user if exists 'limited1011'@'%'");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The connections an account is granted per hour carry the same 1226 as the ones it may hold at
+     * once, and only the top of the hour clears them: a borrow waiting one out would park a worker
+     * thread in every attempt for as long as the hour lasts. What tells the two apart is the
+     * resource the server names, and this pins that name against the server itself (#1011).
+     */
+    @Test(timeOut = 120000)
+    public void testTheHourlyConnectionLimitIsNotWorthRetrying() throws Exception {
+        final String url = getJdbcUrl();
+        final String limited = url.replace("root:password", "perhour1011:secret");
+        grant(url, "drop user if exists 'perhour1011'@'%'",
+            "create user 'perhour1011'@'%' identified by 'secret' with max_connections_per_hour 1",
+            "grant all on database_name.* to 'perhour1011'@'%'");
+        try {
+            try (final Connection spent = DriverManager.getConnection(limited)) {
+                assertTrue(spent.isValid(CachedConnection.VALIDATION_TIMEOUT_SECONDS),
+                    "the account is refused the one connection of its hour already");
+            }
+            try (final Connection second = DriverManager.getConnection(limited)) {
+                fail("an account granted one connection an hour must be refused a second: " + second);
+            } catch (SQLException refused) {
+                assertEquals(refused.getErrorCode(), 1226,
+                    "the server reports an hourly connection limit as: " + refused);
+                assertTrue(refused.getMessage().contains("'max_connections_per_hour'"),
+                    "the server names the hourly resource as: " + refused.getMessage());
+                assertFalse(CachedConnection.isWorthRetrying(refused, CachedConnection.ConnectDialect.of(limited)),
+                    "an hourly limit must be reported rather than waited out: " + refused);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            grant(url, "drop user if exists 'perhour1011'@'%'");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The queries an account is granted per hour are named by the server without the _per_hour of
+     * the GRANT keyword - max_questions - and they reach this gate on the road it guards: an
+     * account whose quota is spent is refused the connect itself, Connector/J spending what is
+     * left of the quota on the queries of its own login. Waited out, that would cost every borrow
+     * and every catalog connect the whole deadline of the pool until the hour turned (#1011).
+     */
+    @Test(timeOut = 120000)
+    public void testTheHourlyQueryLimitIsNotWorthRetrying() throws Exception {
+        final String url = getJdbcUrl();
+        final String limited = url.replace("root:password", "hourly1011:secret");
+        grant(url, "drop user if exists 'hourly1011'@'%'",
+            "create user 'hourly1011'@'%' identified by 'secret' with max_queries_per_hour 1",
+            "grant all on database_name.* to 'hourly1011'@'%'");
+        try {
+            final SQLException refused = spendTheHourlyQueries(limited);
+            assertEquals(refused.getErrorCode(), 1226,
+                "the server reports an hourly query limit as: " + refused);
+            assertTrue(refused.getMessage().contains("'max_questions'"),
+                "the server names the hourly query resource as: " + refused.getMessage());
+            assertFalse(CachedConnection.isWorthRetrying(refused, CachedConnection.ConnectDialect.of(limited)),
+                "an hourly query limit must be reported rather than waited out: " + refused);
+        } finally {
+            grant(url, "drop user if exists 'hourly1011'@'%'");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Spends the hourly query quota of an account and hands back what the server refused it with.
+     * The connect is attempted rather than one statement over a connection held open, since the
+     * login of the driver spends the quota as readily as a statement does: whichever of the two
+     * meets the limit, the failure is the one a borrow of this pool would catch.
+     */
+    private static SQLException spendTheHourlyQueries(String url) throws SQLException {
+        for (int attempt = 0; attempt < 4; attempt++) {
+            try (final Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(url);
+                 final Statement st = con.createStatement()) {
+                st.execute("select 1");
+            } catch (SQLException refused) {
+                return refused;
+            }
+        }
+        throw new AssertionError("an account granted one query an hour must be refused within four connects");
+    }
+
+    /** The account of the test is made and unmade on the connection of the suite's own credentials. */
+    private static void grant(String url, String... statements) throws SQLException {
+        try (final Connection admin = DriverManager.getConnection(url);
+             final Statement st = admin.createStatement()) {
+            for (final String statement : statements) {
+                st.execute(statement);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
 }

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